“…Research with bullied adults showed lower cortisol levels (Hansen et al, 2006;Janson & Hazler, 2004;Kudielka & Kern, 2004) and reduced tonic activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, which is our central stress response system axis (Bellingrath & Kudielka, 2008;Monteleone et al, 2009), with "no statistically significant differences in cortisol levels for social and physical bullying" (Vaillancourt et al, 2008). Some targets are at increased risk for substance abuse, eating disorders, self-destructive behaviours including suicide (Brousse et al, 2008;Hirigoyen, 2001;Leymann, 1996;Matsakis, 1996;Meek, 2004), mood disorders, cardiovascular disease (McEwen, 2000;Xu et al, 2018) and strokes, high blood pressure, abdominal pain, headaches and joint pain (Knack et al, 2014).…”