The Data Revolution: Big Data, Open Data, Data Infrastructures &amp; Their Consequences

Kitchin, Rob

doi:10.4135/9781473909472

Cited by 1,366 publications

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“…As such, algorithms do not need to be implemented by some 2 I add 'computer programmed' here since algorithms are, in effect, recipes or step-by-step instructions for deriving outputs from a set of inputs. As such, algorithms do not need to be implemented by some computer architecture, but I limit interest to computer-programmed variants because the threat of algocracy is acutely linked to the data-revolution (Kitchin 2014a). …”

Section: What Is Algocracy?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, I will give a more specific sense of the phenomenon with which I am concerned. I am particularly concerned about the growth in algocratic systems that are based on predictive or descriptive data-mining algorithms (Kitchin 2014a). I follow Zarsky (and others) in defining data-mining as:…”

Section: What Is Algocracy?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 Finally, compounding these two problems, there is the fact algorithms are not singular phenomena. Any new algorithm is likely to be grafted on top of others, collectively authored by teams of coders using pre-existing coded architectures, and then woven into increasingly complex algorithmic ecosystems (Seaver 2013;Kitchin 2014aKitchin & 2014b. It is the interaction between all the members of this algorithmic ecosystem that produces the useful output, not the operation of the single new algorithm.…”

Section: And Why Wouldn't We If We Are Promised Slimmer Waistlines mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation

2016

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EnhancementOne of the most noticeable trends in recent years has been the increasing reliance of public decision-making processes (bureaucratic, legislative and legal) on algorithms, i.e. computer programmed step-by-step instructions for taking a given set of inputs and producing an output. The question raised by this article is whether the rise of such algorithmic governance creates problems for the moral or political legitimacy of our public decision-making processes. Ignoring common concerns with data protection and privacy, it is argued that algorithm-driven decisionmaking does pose a significant threat to the legitimacy of such processes. Modeling my argument on Estlund's threat of epistocracy, I call this the 'threat of algocracy'. The article clarifies the nature of this threat, and addresses two possible solutions (named, respectively, "resistance" and "accommodation"). It is argued that neither solution is likely to be successful, at least not without risking many other things we value about social decision-making. The result is a somewhat pessimistic conclusion in which we confront the possibility that we are creating decision-making processes that constrain and limit opportunities for human participation. Abstract Abstract Introduction

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Section: What Is Algocracy?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Is Algocracy?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: And Why Wouldn't We If We Are Promised Slimmer Waistlines mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation

2016

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“…An exciting and invigorating array of literature on big data discussion in geography is growing (Dalton and Thatcher 2014;Kitchin 2014;Burns 2015;Leszczynski 2015;Thatcher et al 2015;Wilson 2015;Dalton, Taylor, and Thatcher 2016;Gieseking 2017). Queer feminist theory can take these ideas a step further.…”

Section: Findings For By and About The Communitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Operating Anew: Queering GIS with Good Enough Software

Gieseking¹

2017

Preprint

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In the last decade, conversations around queering of GIScience emerged. Drawing on literature from feminist and queer critical GIS with special attention to the under-examined political economy of GIS, I suggest that the critical project of queering all of GIS, both GIScience and GISystems, requires not just recognition of the labor and lives of queers and research in geographies of sexualities. Based upon a queer feminist political economic critique and evidenced in my teaching critical GIS at two elite liberal arts colleges, I argue that "status quo" between ESRI and geography as a field must be interrupted. Extending a critical GIS focus beyond data structures and data ethics, I argue that geographic researchers and instructors have a responsibility in queering our choice and production of software, algorithms, and code alike. I call this production and choice of democratic, accessible, and useful software by, for, and about the needs of its users good enough software. Instead, I argue that "status quo" between ESRI and geography as a field must be interrupted.Keywords: critical GIS, queer, QGIS, pedagogy, free and open-sourced software (FOSS) Key message:• I argue that "status quo" between ESRI and geography as a field must be interrupted.• Geographic researchers and instructors have a responsibility in queering our choice and production of software, algorithms, and code alike • The production and choice of democratic, accessible, and useful software by, for, and about the needs of its users good enough software.Do not cite, quote, or reprint without permission. Instead, cite: Gieseking, Jen Jack. 2018. Operating Anew: Queering GIS with Good Enough Software. Canadian Geographer. 1Operating Anew: Queering GIS with Good Enough Software Jen Jack Gieseking American Studies Program, Trinity CollegeIn the last decade, conversations around queering of GIS have emerged. Queering allows scholars an analytic from which to refuse norms, hierarchies, and binaries in order to accept fluidity, rather than assume the fixity of positions and knowledge. Queering GIS is applicable in a variety of areas, from research to teaching, from other academic labor such as service and advising to the act of selecting and producing our software. Such a participatory position urges GIS users to let go of how we think GIS must work and reinvent the geographical imagination of GIS to create an operating system of our own.Drawing on literature from feminist and queer critical GIS with special attention to the underexamined political economy of GIS, I argue that "status quo" between ESRI and geography as a field must be interrupted. My arguments derive from my experience of teaching critical GIS at two elite, U.S. New England liberal arts colleges: Trinity College and Bowdoin College. I suggest that the critical project of queering all of GIS, both GIScience and GISystems, requires not just recognition of the labor and lives of queers and research in geographies of sexualities, and participating in these debates. Extending a queer critical G...

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“…The notion of code/space, as articulated in the work of Kitchin and Dodge (Dodge and Kitchin 2009;Kitchin 2013Kitchin , 2014Kitchin and Dodge 2011) emphasises the entanglements of human bodies, software and everyday life in domestic and public spaces. As this concept suggests, human bodies and behaviours, as well as knowledges of these bodies and behaviours, are increasingly mediated via software codes.…”

Section: Theorising Digital Body Objectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabricated data bodies: Reflections on 3D printed digital body objects in medical and health domains

Lupton

2015

Soc Theory Health

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The advent of 3D printing technologies has generated new ways of representing and conceptualising health and illness, medical practice and the body. There are many social, cultural and political implications of 3D printing, but a critical sociology of 3D printing is only beginning to emerge. In this article I seek to contribute to this nascent literature by addressing some of the ways in which 3D printing technologies are being used to convert digital data collected on human bodies and fabricate them into tangible forms that can be touched and held. I focus in particular on the use of 3D printing to manufacture non-organic replicas of individuals' bodies, body parts or bodily functions and activities. The article is also a reflection on a specific set of digital data practices and the meaning of such data to individuals. In analysing these new forms of human bodies, I draw on sociomaterialist perspectives as well as the recent work of scholars who have sought to theorise selfhood, embodiment, place and space in digital society and the nature of people's interactions with digital data. I argue that these objects incite intriguing ways of thinking about the ways in digital data on embodiment, health and illnesses are interpreted and used across a range of contexts. The article ends with some speculations about where these technologies may be headed and outlining future research directions.

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The Data Revolution: Big Data, Open Data, Data Infrastructures & Their Consequences

Cited by 1,366 publications

References 0 publications

The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation

The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation

Operating Anew: Queering GIS with Good Enough Software

Fabricated data bodies: Reflections on 3D printed digital body objects in medical and health domains

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