The Death of Princess Diana: The Effects of Memory Enhancement Procedures on Flashbulb Memories

Krackow, Elisa; Lynn, Steven Jay; Payne, David G.

doi:10.2190/fbcf-t8vg-l5lj-n8vl

Cited by 11 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Free recall responses were coded according to the number of complete ideas and incomplete ideas (Krackow & Lynn, 2003; Krackow, Lynn, & Payne, 2005–2006). For example, the response, ‘We sat on the towel/and then (we‐implied) read a book’ was coded as 2 ideas.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event report training: An examination of the efficacy of a new intervention to improve children's eyewitness reports

Krackow

Lynn

2009

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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This study tested the efficacy of Event Report Training (ERT), a training procedure designed to improve children's memory reports and decrease suggestibility. Children (N ¼ 58) participated in two forensically relevant play events. Two weeks later, children received ERT or participated in control procedures, after which they received a memory interview. Results indicated that ERT decreased suggestibility to abuse-related questions in preschoolers; their responses were highly accurate and age differences were eliminated. ERT did not increase the amount of information preschoolers provided in response to open-ended questions. However, with ERT 7-to 8-year-olds reported 32% more information which included a 32% increase in actions, without an accompanying increase in incorrect information. Due to school-aged children's high accuracy rates, it was impossible to gauge the effectiveness of ERT in reducing suggestibility. The failure to obtain an effect of ERT in preschoolers' open-ended recall is discussed in terms of their cognitive-developmental limitations.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event report training: An examination of the efficacy of a new intervention to improve children's eyewitness reports

Krackow

Lynn

2009

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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“…Previous researchers have criticized the above work due to the fact that memories being studied were not memories of emotional events. The following study conducted by Krackow, Lynn, and Payne (2006) was the first study to examine the impact of hypnosis on emotional memories of Princess Diana's death. Within 72 hours of Princess Diana's death, undergraduates completed a questionnaire that required them to write a narrative about when they first learned the news of the death as well as respond to specific questions.…”

Section: Hypnosis and Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…" When the open-ended memory reports were examined, Krackow and colleagues (2006) found that hypnotized participants retained less of the detail provided in their original narratives in comparison to other memory enhancement conditions therefore providing additional evidence that hypnosis can be detrimental to recall (Krackow, Lynn, & Payne, 2006). When only flashbulb memory components were abstracted from the narratives, the data showed that hypnotized participants omitted significantly more flashbulb memory components than participants in the other two memory enhancement conditions.…”

Section: Hypnosis and Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of hypnosis and symptom interpretation on jurors' perceptions of recovered memories of child sexual abuse

Nunley¹

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The effects of hypnosis and symptom interpretation on jurors' perceptions of recovered memories of child sexual abuse Sarah Nunley, B.S. The current study examined mock jurors' perceptions of recovered memories of child sexual abuse. Participants were presented with one of four written vignettes of an adult female who recovers memories of child sexual abuse during therapy. Two variables in the vignettes were manipulated: the method of memory recovery (hypnosis informed vs. control uninformed) and presentation of psychological symptoms commonly related to history of sexual maltreatment (symptoms informed vs. symptoms uninformed). Participant mock jurors were asked to respond to questions regarding credibility, defendant guilt, and award of monetary damages. The continuous dependent variable analyses found significant results with regard to plaintiff credibility and defendant guilt with the hypnosis uninformed condition. Additionally, the hypnosis uninformed condition of the dichotomous dependent variable analyses significantly predicted the likelihood of participants deciding the defendant guilty, as well as the plaintiff as credible. Based on these findings, mock jurors' perceived hypnosis to be detrimental to memory recovery.

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“…This coding system has been utilized in several memory studies to code free recall data and was developed by Elisa Krackow, PhD (e.g., Krackow Lynn, & Payne, 2005). All free recall data was coded by one coder (the primary researcher), who had established reliability on 25% of the sample with the developer of the coding system and another trained graduate student.…”

Section: Coding and Scoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Memory Enhancement Techniques on Children's Testimony

Travers¹

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Eyewitness testimony is often key evidence in court cases, but it is often difficult to obtain accurate eyewitness memories (Loftus, Miller, & Burns, 1978). This is especially true when this testimony must be acquired from preschool children because young children have been found to be susceptible to suggestive interviewing techniques (Krackow & Lynn, 2003). Several aspects of children's cognitive capabilities have been found to influence their suggestibility, including their source monitoring abilities, or their abilities to trace the source of memories (Ceci & Bruck, 1993). Therefore, source monitoring ability provides a possible point of intervention to decrease children's suggestibility. Source monitoring training protocols have been developed, tested, and shown to decrease children's suggestibility (Giles, Gopnik, & Heyman, 2002). Another intervention that has been developed and proven to improve children's eyewitness memory is the revised cognitive interview (Fisher & Geiselman, 1992). This method utilizes a number of memory enhancement techniques in a structured interview protocol to obtain children's eyewitness memory. Although both source monitoring training and the revised cognitive interview have been shown to improve recall, they have never been compared directly. The current study utilized both memory enhancement techniques and compare them to a nointervention control condition to assess the influence of these techniques on children's recall and suggestibility. Thirty-seven 4-and 5-year-old children were randomized to the three conditions. There was no effect of source monitoring training or the cognitive interview on correct answers to leading questions or free recall memory reports. The results indicate that source monitoring training was not effective in decreasing suggestibility and the cognitive interview was not effective in obtaining greater free recall in the current study. Implications for forensic interviewing are discussed.

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The Death of Princess Diana: The Effects of Memory Enhancement Procedures on Flashbulb Memories

Cited by 11 publications

References 62 publications

Event report training: An examination of the efficacy of a new intervention to improve children's eyewitness reports

Event report training: An examination of the efficacy of a new intervention to improve children's eyewitness reports

The effects of hypnosis and symptom interpretation on jurors' perceptions of recovered memories of child sexual abuse

The Influence of Memory Enhancement Techniques on Children's Testimony

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