The Decade and Beyond: at a Glance

Christmas, Joseph; Rooy, Carel de

doi:10.1080/02508069108686105

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The international drinking water supply and sanitation decade, declared by the United Nations, ended in 1990 with an additional 1.3 billion people having access to drinking water, but still left about 1.2 billion people without access to safe drinking water (12). Additionally, the decade of advocacy effort successfully put drinking water access and supply on the agenda of many national and international agencies.…”

Section: Scale Of the Global Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On average, 65% of this funding was raised from in-country resources, the rest from bilateral and multi-lateral external funding. There is strong regional variation in the fraction of funding from in-country resources, from a high of 90% in the Middle East to a low of about 25% in Africa (12). UNICEF estimated in 1990 that to reach 100% coverage by the year 2000, the annual investment rate in water and sanitation will have to rise from US$10 billion to US$36 billion.…”

Section: Economics and Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These costs arc also broadly consistent with the World Bank's assessment (41). UNICEF experts note that as of 1990, only about 4% of the $3 billion annual external funding went to support low-cost technology projects (12). However, a sharp and significant debate has emerged in the last few years about how to proceed to increase coverage of access to safe drinking water.…”

Section: Economics and Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drinking Water in Developing Countries

Gadgil

1998

Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ.

285

171

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Safe drinking water remains inaccessible for about 1.1 billion people in the world, and the hourly toll from biological contamination of drinking water is 400 deaths of children (below age 5). This paper reviews the general guidelines for drinking water quality and the scale of the global problem. It reviews the various water disinfection technologies that may be applicable to achieve the desired quality of drinking water in developing countries. It then summarizes financing problems that deter extending access to safe drinking water to the unserved population and identifies feasible policy positions for enhancing availability of drinking water in these countries.

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Section: Scale Of the Global Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Economics and Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Economics and Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drinking Water in Developing Countries

Gadgil

1998

Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ.

285

171

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“…Estimates of the cost of providing universal access to water and sanitation services vary widely, depending on the assumed quality of service. Even the higher‐end estimates of $50 billion per year, 15 however, represent a small fraction (7 percent) of global military expenditures 16 . Clearly, a relatively minor reordering of social priorities and investments—and a more encompassing and humanistic definition of “security”—could enable all people to benefit from the health and well‐being afforded by clean water and adequate sanitation.…”

Section: Basic Drinking Water and Sanitation Needs Go Unmetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water and world population growth

Postel¹

2000

Journal AWWA

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As global population mushrooms, water managers must adopt new strategies to make the most of limited supplies. Freshwater is renewable but finite. Over the next 50 years, world population growth will reduce the renewable water supply per capita by approximately one third. By 2025, an estimated 3 billion people—38 percent of the projected global population—will live in countries classified as water‐stressed. In many regions, numerous signs that water use is not sustainable are already in evidence in the widespread overpumping of aquifers and excessive depletion of river flows. Meeting the water demands of 8–9 billion people while at the same time protecting the health of the aquatic environment will greatly challenge water professionals. This article makes the case for a new water management paradigm—one that strives to balance water's economic and ecological functions. A key to success is increasing water productivity, i.e., doing more with less water.

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“…These millions of people get their drinking water from unsanitary sources like dug wells, springs and surface waters that expose them to water borne diseases like diarrhea, ascaris, hookworm, trachoma (which can cause blindness) or schistomiasis. About 400 children below the age of 5 die per hour in developing countries from waterborne diarrhea alone (Christmas & de Rooy, 1990;Pruss, 2002). Gleick (2002) also quantified the current and projected consequences of unsafe drinking water.…”

Section: Solar Energy For Clean Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST) Systemfor Fuelwood Replacement and Household Water Sanitation in Developing Countries

Akinjiola¹,

Balachandran²

2012

JSD

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Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST) is a proven renewable energy technology that harnesses solar irradiation in its most primitive form. This technology with roots in ancient history is growing at a fast pace in recent times. Developing countries could use CST to solve fundamental human-needs challenges, such as for the substitution of fuelwood and the treatment of water for household use. This paper proposes a conceptual design for a standardized modular CST for these applications in developing countries. A modular-designed parabolic CST with an aperture area of 7.5 m2 is adequate to provide enough solar thermal energy to replace the fuelwood need (5 tons/yr) or to pasteurize the minimum daily water requirement (2500 liters) for a household. Critical parameters of the CST are discussed and an affordable solid thermal storage is recommended to be used as a backup when sunlight is unavailable. A funding program that includes in-country resources and external funding will be needed to sustain the development and wide spread adaptation of this technology.

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The Decade and Beyond: at a Glance

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Drinking Water in Developing Countries

Drinking Water in Developing Countries

Water and world population growth

Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST) Systemfor Fuelwood Replacement and Household Water Sanitation in Developing Countries

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