The deceleration of bullets in gelatine — A study based on high-speed video analysis

Schyma, Christian; Infanger, C; Müller, Rolf; Bauer, Kristina; Brünig, Julia

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.01.017

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The kinetic energy lost is transferred to the target medium. In transparent gelatin models, it is possible to observe this process using high-speed cameras [12]. Gelatin is radially displaced forming a temporary cavity (TC), which collapses a few milliseconds later.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Via the "snapshot" feature single frames were exported to 8-bit-TIF-format and analyzed using AxioVision 64SE rel. 4.9 (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) as previously published [12].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, high-speed video (HSV) showed the passage of the projectile and the formation of the temporary cavity (TC). HSV enables measurements of the bullet velocity [11] and its deceleration [12]. Previous studies illustrated the additional influence of muzzle gases on the TC in contact [13] or near contact shots [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of backspatter using high-speed video of experimental gunshots

Schyma

Baumann

Madea

et al. 2020

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

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Backspatter is biological material that is ejected from the entry wound against the line of fire. This phenomenon was also observed in wound ballistic simulations using so called "reference cubes" (12 cm edge length, 10% gelatin, 4 °C, paint pad beneath the cover). High-speed video records from 102 experimental shots to these target models using full metal jacketed bullets in the calibers .32 auto, .38 special, 9 mm Luger and .357 Magnum were analyzed for chronology, morphological appearance and velocity of fluid ejection. Generally, a short tail splashing of surface material occurred when the bullet was penetrating the target. In 51 shots from distance (≥ 5 cm), regardless of caliber and shot range, a linear jet of fluid started in connection with the first collapse of the temporary cavity. The initial velocity of the jet was measured between 6 and 45 m/s. The jet was streaming on for about 60 to 100 ms with a stochastic deviation of ± 13° to the horizontal. Close range and contact shots showed earlier and faster (up to 330 m/s) backspatter depending on the cartridge and the gap between muzzle and target. Gaseous aerosol-like spray and cone-like spatter indicated an increasing influence of muzzle gases with decreasing shot range. Even under standardized experimental conditions, variations of backspatter were observed in near/contact shots.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Via the "snapshot" feature single frames were exported to 8-bit-TIF-format and analyzed using AxioVision 64SE rel. 4.9 (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) as previously published [12].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Study of backspatter using high-speed video of experimental gunshots

Schyma

Baumann

Madea

et al. 2020

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Deceleration and associated energy dissipation in 10% gelatine 12 × 12 × 12 cm ‘reference cubes’ were studied with a high-speed camera [ 138 ]. The frame-by-frame analyses of the high-speed footage allowed for measuring the deceleration of the bullets in the gelatine.…”

Section: Wound Ballisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpol review of forensic firearm examination 2019–2022

Mattijssen

Kerkhoff

Hermsen

et al. 2023

Forensic Science International: Synergy

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“…A bullet that is moving more slowly than its designers intended, will not be subjected to the amount of pressure within the cavity that the bullet's design calls for so that expansion can occur upon impact with a soft, liquid-based target. Influences such as air resistance and gravity [12], short barrel firearms [4,13,14], and perforation or ricochet from intermediate targets [15] can cause JHP bullets to slow to the point where their ability to expand is reduced or eliminated. Short barrel firearms, such as a 1 7 / 8 inch "snub nose" revolver, typically fire bullets at lower velocities than firearms with longer barrels because the bullet spends less time being influenced by the expanding gasses created by burning powders that cause the bullet to accelerate [4].…”

Section: Relevant Literature On Jhp Bullet Expansionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of certain intermediary target materials and their proximity to ballistic gelatin on jacketed hollow point bullet expansion

Paolucci,

Diaczuk

2023

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Expanding bullets are preferred by law enforcement because of their wounding potential and ability to avoid over‐penetration which could result in unintended targets being struck by bullets that perforate their intended targets. Expansion failure for jacketed hollow point (JHP) bullets is commonly attributed to several causes including damage to the bullet's cavity, velocity loss, bullet destabilization and materials from intermediate targets filling the bullet's cavity which can cause expansion failure when the bullet subsequently impacts a soft, fluid‐based target such as human tissue or ballistic gelatin. In this study, JHP bullets were fired into ballistic gelatin after passing through selected intermediate targets representing items common to shooting incidents. Velocity loss and bullet destabilization were not factors that contributed to the JHP bullets that experienced expansion failure; however, materials obstructing the bullets' cavities and damage to the bullets' cavities were considered causes for some of the JHP bullet expansion failures. It was determined through this research that most of the target materials caused JHP bullet expansion failure when shored against the ballistic gelatin, but when placed at distances of 7 ft. from the ballistic gelatin, bullets fired through the same target materials did expand. This original and unique study produced findings that are of significant value to shooting incident reconstruction experts and other forensic professionals as shooting incidents can call into question a victim's proximity to a wall or door when a bullet(s) perforated such a target material.

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The deceleration of bullets in gelatine — A study based on high-speed video analysis

Cited by 15 publications

References 14 publications

Study of backspatter using high-speed video of experimental gunshots

Study of backspatter using high-speed video of experimental gunshots

Interpol review of forensic firearm examination 2019–2022

The effects of certain intermediary target materials and their proximity to ballistic gelatin on jacketed hollow point bullet expansion

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