The deciphering of the immune cells and marker signature in COVID‐19 pathogenesis: An update

Abstract

The precise interaction between the immune system and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is critical in deciphering the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and is also vital for developing novel therapeutic tools, including monoclonal antibodies, antivirals drugs, and vaccines. Viral infections need innate and adaptive immune reactions since the various immune components, such as neutrophils, macrophages, CD4 + T, CD8 + T, and B lymphocytes, play different roles in various infections. Consequently, the characterization of innate and adaptive immune reactions toward SARS‐CoV‐2 is crucial for defining the pathogenicity of COVID‐19. In this study, we explain what is currently understood concerning the conventional immune reactions to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection to shed light on the protective and pathogenic role of immune response in this case. Also, in particular, we investigate the in‐depth roles of other immune mediators, including neutrophil elastase, serum amyloid A, and syndecan, in the immunopathogenesis of COVID‐19.

Serum IFN-γ and RNAemia temporal profiles as biomarkers of severe COVID-19 in solid organ transplant and immunocompetent patients

“…1 A). IFN-γ levels were similar over the different time-periods, both in SOT and no SOT, and without differences between groups (Supplementary Table 3), which is consistent with other studies 6 , 7 . RNAemia was more frequent in SOT recipients (57.4%) than in no SOT patients (18.9%, p<0.001) ( Fig.…”

“…Interferons (IFN) are key in the innate immune response during the acute phase of the viral infection, as seen with plasmacytoid dendritic cells expressing high concentrations of types I and III IFNs in COVID-19 patients 4 , 5 . In acute COVID-19 and convalescent patients, intracellular cytokine staining after stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools, has showed significant IFN-γ increases in CD8 + T-cells, which is associated with viral elimination, and without differences in both phases of the disease 6 , 7 .…”

Functionalized protein microparticles targeting hACE2 as a novel preventive strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infection

“…Thus, the function of macrophage is most likely to be affected. Macrophages play an essential role in the COVID-19-associated cytokine storm ( Jasim et al, 2022 ). Our results showed that PSV caused a dramatically elevated expression of inflammatory markers (e.g.…”

Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID

“…It is also quite fascinating since the wide community of scientists suggests that Tregs during the SARS-CoV-2 infection get activated, suggesting their immunoregulatory or immunosuppressive activities to prevent immune cells of both innate and adaptive immune response from damaging self-tissues mainly by limiting the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [ 20 , 82 ]. However, it is also possible that in the early stages of infection, a greater proportion of activated Tregs might weaken the immune system’s ability to fight off viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 [ 9 , 20 ].…”