“…The rise in enrolments in the region in 1990-2010 was globally one of the highest, and systems changed their character from ''elite '' to ''mass'' (and, as in Poland, to ''universal,'' to use Marin Trow's classification; Poland became one of those ''high participation systems'' studied by Marginson (2016b: 17) which reach a 50 % mark and ''keep on going,'' similarly to Russia where ''the partial privatization of costs'' in higher education led to its universalization, albeit combined with weakening of social equality, see Smolentseva 2016: 7). From a global perspective, what was particularly interesting was the emergence of the private sector, virtually out of nowhere, mostly in its low-level demand-absorbing type (Levy 2013).…”