The deep hydrogeologic flow system underlying the Oak Ridge Reservation -- Assessing the potential for active groundwater flow and origin of the brine

Oak Ridge Reservation Physical Characteristics and Natural Resources

“…The brines are thought to have been pushed westward and trapped by overthrusting rock during the formation of the Appalachian Mountains (about 250 million years ago). The chemistry suggests extremely long residence times (i.e., very low flow rates); however, some mixing with shallow groundwater has been observed (Nativ, Halleran, and Hunley 1997).…”