The deep-sea zooplankton of the North, Central, and South Atlantic: Biomass, abundance, diversity

Vereshchaka, Alexander L.; Abyzova, Galina; Lunina, Anastasia A.; Musaeva, Eteri I

doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.06.017

Cited by 37 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The use of characters of the petasma had a major impact on the result of the morphology‐based phylogenetic analysis. The same has been shown previously for other pelagic crustaceans (Vereshchaka et al., , , c, , b; Vereshchaka and Lunina, ), so the inclusion of characters of the petasma is highly recommended for phylogenetic analyses whenever possible. Indeed, the use of petasma characters in the Euphausiacea matrix doubled the number of supported clades.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…) and have adaptations related to detection and catching of prey: subdivided eyes and enlarged anterior thoracopods bearing specialized setae. These characters co‐evolve in the oceanic epi‐ and mesopelagic, where the closeness of the productive zone provides a food store for an extraordinary large biomass of planktonic eucarids (Vereshchaka et al., , ). As in the Sergestidae, this ‘offensive’ strategy is successful for those clades that do not swarm (Vereshchaka et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to standard morphological characters, we also include for the first time copulatory organ characters (e.g. of the petasma) for Euphausiacea, as such information has proven phylogenetically important for other pelagic crustaceans (Vereshchaka et al., , , c, , b; Vereshchaka and Lunina, ). We also analyse sequences of four genes and compare the resulting molecular and morphological trees.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A phylogenetic study of krill (Crustacea: Euphausiacea) reveals new taxa and co‐evolution of morphological characters

2018

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The first comprehensive phylogenetic study of Euphausiacea (all 86 valid species) is presented. It is based on four molecular markers and 168 morphological characters (including 58 characters of the petasma). Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly and robustness of the families Bentheuphausidae and Euphausiidae and reveal three major clades for which we erect three new subfamilies: Thysanopodinae, Euphausiinae and Nematoscelinae. All genus-level clades are statistically supported (except Thysanopoda in molecular analyses), deeply nested within the subfamily-level clades, and encompass 14 new species groups. Copulatory structures have a major impact on tree topology in the morphological analysis, the removal of which resulted in only half the number of supported clades and genera. We revealed three groups of morphological characters, which are probably coupled with the same biological role and thus interlinked evolutionarily: (i) antennular peduncle and petasma (copulation); (ii) eyes and anterior thoracopods (feeding); and (iii) shape of carapace and pleon (defence). We analysed the evolutionary pathways of the clades into main oceanic biotopes and compared them with morphological adaptations most likely to be coupled with this process.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A phylogenetic study of krill (Crustacea: Euphausiacea) reveals new taxa and co‐evolution of morphological characters

2018

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“…Over 300 taxa were identified, counted, measured, and their weight calculated to estimate standing stocks (the plankton assemblages are considered in detail elsewhere - Vereshchaka et al, 2016). The main contribution to the total zooplankton standing stock was made by decapods, followed by non-gelatinous mesozooplankton, gelatinous mesozooplankton, and fishes ( Table 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Samples have been taken following the same protocol, but identification was much more precise for the first dataset. The community composition, diversity, and other community patterns have been analyzed in detail for the first dataset and presented in a recent paper (Vereshchaka et al, 2016). The second dataset contains representative biomass values and significantly contributes to the metadata concerning deep zooplankton; here we combine both datasets for a more comprehensive analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel approach reveals high zooplankton standing stock deep in the sea

et al. 2016

Self Cite

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Abstract. In a changing ocean there is a critical need to understand global biogeochemical cycling, particularly regarding carbon. We have made strides in understanding upper ocean dynamics, but the deep ocean interior (> 1000 m) is still largely unknown, despite representing the overwhelming majority of Earth's biosphere. Here we present a method for estimating deep-pelagic zooplankton biomass on an oceanbasin scale. We have made several new discoveries about the Atlantic, which likely apply to the world ocean. First, multivariate analysis showed that depth and Chl were the basic factors affecting the wet biomass of the main plankton groups. Wet biomass of all major groups was significantly correlated with Chl. Second, zooplankton biomass in the upper bathypelagic domain is higher than expected. Third, the majority of this biomass comprises macroplanktonic shrimps, which have been historically underestimated. These findings, coupled with recent findings of increased global deep-pelagic fish biomass, suggest that the contribution of the deep-ocean pelagic fauna for biogeochemical cycles may be more important than previously thought.

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Crustacean zooplankton release copious amounts of dissolved organic matter as taurine in the ocean

Clifford

Hansell

Varela

et al. 2017

Limnology & Oceanography

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Taurine (Tau), an amino acid‐like compound, is present in almost all marine metazoans including crustacean zooplankton. It plays an important physiological role in these organisms and is released into the ambient water throughout their life cycle. However, limited information is available on the release rates by marine organisms, the concentrations and turnover of Tau in the ocean. We determined dissolved free Tau concentrations throughout the water column and its release by abundant crustacean mesozooplankton at two open ocean sites (Gulf of Alaska and North Atlantic). At both locations, the concentrations of dissolved free Tau were in the low nM range (up to 15.7 nM) in epipelagic waters, declining sharply in the mesopelagic to about 0.2 nM and remaining fairly stable throughout the bathypelagic waters. Pacific amphipod–copepod assemblages exhibited lower dissolved free Tau release rates per unit biomass (0.8 ± 0.4 μmol g−1 C‐biomass h−1) than Atlantic copepods (ranging between 1.3 ± 0.4 μmol g−1 C‐biomass h−1 and 9.5 ± 2.1 μmol g−1 C‐biomass h−1), in agreement with the well‐documented inverse relationship between biomass‐normalized excretion rates and body size. Our results indicate that crustacean zooplankton might contribute significantly to the dissolved organic matter flux in marine ecosystems via dissolved free Tau release. Based on the release rates and assuming steady state dissolved free Tau concentrations, turnover times of dissolved free Tau range from 0.05 d to 2.3 d in the upper water column and are therefore similar to those of dissolved free amino acids. This rapid turnover indicates that dissolved free Tau is efficiently consumed in oceanic waters, most likely by heterotrophic bacteria.

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The deep-sea zooplankton of the North, Central, and South Atlantic: Biomass, abundance, diversity

Cited by 37 publications

References 40 publications

A phylogenetic study of krill (Crustacea: Euphausiacea) reveals new taxa and co‐evolution of morphological characters

A phylogenetic study of krill (Crustacea: Euphausiacea) reveals new taxa and co‐evolution of morphological characters

A novel approach reveals high zooplankton standing stock deep in the sea

Crustacean zooplankton release copious amounts of dissolved organic matter as taurine in the ocean

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