The deformation of²³Na from inelastic alpha scattering

Gravitational Wilson loop in discrete quantum gravity

“…Larger loops can then be treated in a similar way. From the results obtained so far, we deduce that, as the authors of [11] claimed, there is indeed an area law for large Wilson loops. The physical interpretation is of course very different, as discussed in the Introduction, and later in the Conclusion.…”

“…This has the consequence that the action is bounded. (The minus sign, which appears different from the sign in the formalism of [11], is because of the different relative position of the γ 5 factor. )…”

“…We will first look at formulations of Einstein gravity as a gauge theory on a flat hypercubical background lattice, and in particular expand on the work of Mannion and Taylor [11] and of Kondo [12]. In these cases, the standard machinery for calculating Wilson loops in lattice gauge theories [2] can be taken over without too many modifications.…”

“…The authors of Ref. [11] define the loop around one plaquette, spanned by the γ and δ directions (see Fig. 2), by…”

“…We now consider briefly the work of Kondo [12]. His basic formalism is very similar to that of [11], except that rather than introducing the vierbeins into the action directly, he introduces exponentials of them, with the action…”