The delayed death-causing nature of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extracts and their mixture within experimental chronic toxoplasmosis: Therapeutic and prophylactic implications

Impact of Plant-Based Foods and Nutraceuticals on Toxoplasma gondii Cysts: Nutritional Therapy as a Viable Approach for Managing Chronic Brain Toxoplasmosis

“…Administration of alcoholic and oil extracts from R. officinalis leaves to mice 1 week before infection or 2 weeks following infection with ME49 T. gondii significantly reduced the brain cyst burden, cyst viability, and histopathological insults compared with that in the untreated group (88). Ultrastructural analysis of the cyst through scanning electron microscopy revealed abnormal cyst morphology in the brain of the treated animals, with the cyst surface marked with multiple depressions, protrusions, and irregularities (88). Isolation and inoculation of these damaged cysts into naive mice did not produce successful secondary infection, highlighting a loss in cyst viability (88).…”

“…Alcoholic and oil extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), a medicinal herb commonly used as a culinary spice, exert remarkable prophylactic and therapeutic effects on chronic toxoplasmosis by perturbing cyst wall integrity. Administration of alcoholic and oil extracts from R. officinalis leaves to mice 1 week before infection or 2 weeks following infection with ME49 T. gondii significantly reduced the brain cyst burden, cyst viability, and histopathological insults compared with that in the untreated group (88). Ultrastructural analysis of the cyst through scanning electron microscopy revealed abnormal cyst morphology in the brain of the treated animals, with the cyst surface marked with multiple depressions, protrusions, and irregularities (88).…”

“…Ultrastructural analysis of the cyst through scanning electron microscopy revealed abnormal cyst morphology in the brain of the treated animals, with the cyst surface marked with multiple depressions, protrusions, and irregularities (88). Isolation and inoculation of these damaged cysts into naive mice did not produce successful secondary infection, highlighting a loss in cyst viability (88). Overall, R. officinalis extracts acted as a stronger therapeutic agent than a prophylactic agent.…”

Toxoplasma gondii Suppresses Th2-Induced by Trichinella spiralis Infection and Downregulates Serine Protease Genes Expression: A Critical Role in Vaccine Development

“…The cyst count in the homogenate was determined using light microscopy ( 15 ). The infection was administered orally to mice at either a low dose of 10-tissue cysts/animal ( 16 ) or a high dose of 100-tissue cysts/mouse ( 17 ).…”

Neuroprotective Potential of Aromatic Herbs: Rosemary, Sage, and Lavender

“…Histopathological observation of brain and liver tissue of mice exhibited increased iNOS stain expression, which demonstrates antioxidant activities. Treatment with these extracts displayed a reduction in cyst burden and cyst viability through inhibition of parasitic BAG-1 gene expression (Hamed et al, 2021 ). Asl et al showed that rosmarinic acid plays a crucial role in the elevation of protein nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, carbonylation, and significant reduction of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase in the radio frequency radiation-exposed rats' brain compared to the control group.…”