The demand for food in the United States and The Netherlands: a systems approach with the CBS model

Exploring a fiscal food policy: the case of diet and ischaemic heart disease Commentary: Alternative nutrition outcomes using a fiscal food policy

“…In the absence of empirical data we have to make some judicious estimates. In general, foodstuffs tend to have price elasticities of a magnitude of less than one 12. Price elasticities are likely to be larger where there are near substitutes.…”

How Large are the Contributions of Cities to the Development of Rural Communities? A Market Access Approach for a Quarter Century of Evidence from Chile

“…From this setting and assuming that workers are indifferent to working in either sector and have free mobility, the farm employment of a rural community j depend on the way farm and non-farm workers substitute agricultural and manufactured goods. If the demand for agricultural goods is inelastic (as suggested by Tobin, 1950;Tolley et al, 1969;Van-Driel et al, 1997), any improvement in agricultural productivity could induce a movement of farm workers to the non-farm sector since an increase in agricultural productivity decreases the price of the agricultural good. However, since a proportion of non-farm employment is generated in rural communities, this migration from the farm to the non-farm sector does not always imply a reduction in the total employment level of the rural community.…”

Characteristics and hedonic pricing of differentiated beef demands

“…The CBS model is a differential model based on the derivatives of the demand system resulting from utility maximization, subject to a budget constraint. According to van Driel et al (1997), “[t]he CBS model describes the differential change in the quantity share as a function of changes in real total expenditures and prices … .”Barten and Bettendorf (1989) present direct and indirect versions of the CBS model and relate it to direct and indirect versions of the Rotterdam model and a differential version of the almost ideal demand system (AIDS). A full explanation of the CBS structure can be found in Keller and Van Driel (1985), and we present only a brief outline, below, specific to our problem.…”

“…At this point, it is useful to convert the differential equation in into a difference equation relating demand in one period to the demand in the previous period (e.g., Theil, 1975, and van Driel et al, 1997), in which f i is an intercept representing taste shifts. This conversion is necessary to move from the conceptual model to the empirical model because data consist of quantities and prices and differences, in our case, quarterly differences, are as close as one can get empirically to differentials in data.…”

“…Elasticities are derived by manipulating the appropriate derivatives from 12. The hedonic own‐ and cross‐price elasticities of good i with respect to price j are, thus, calculated as follows (van Driel et al, 1997): and the expenditure elasticities are similarly calculated as: where ɛ ij s are the own‐ and cross‐price elasticities, ɛ ix s are expenditure elasticities, and all other variables and all parameters are as previously defined.…”