The demonstration by ribotyping of the stability of oral Streptococcus mutans infection over 5 to 7 years in children

Alaluusua, Satu; Karjalainen, Jouko; Saarela, Maria; Holttinen, Tuuli; Kallio, Markku; Hölttä, Päivi; Torkko, Heini; Relander, P.; Asikainen, Sirkka

doi:10.1016/0003-9969(94)90142-2

Cited by 52 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This indicates a higher genotypic diversity than that observed in Sweden, where only 18% of 3-year-old children carried two distinct genotypes (21). Previous studies suggested that early colonizing MS strains may be stable in the mouth for many years, although some genotypes detected in childhood could not be recovered in later years (1,6,22). The frequency of matching genotypes between mother-child pairs decreases as the age of the child increases (15).…”

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confidence: 76%

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Genotypic Diversity of Mutans Streptococci in Brazilian Nursery Children Suggests Horizontal Transmission

Mattos-Graner¹,

Caufield

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

106

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Streptococcus mutans strains were isolated from cohorts of Brazilian nursery school children and genotyped by arbitrarily primed PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Of 24 children with two to five S. mutans isolates, 29% carried two or more genotypes. The presence of matching genotypes of S. mutans among children attending one nursery suggests horizontal transmission.Dental caries is a transmissible infectious disease in which mutans streptococci (MS) play the major role. Infective strains of Streptococcus mutans, the most prevalent species of the MS group, may persist for many years in the mouths of preschool children (1,6,22). Early colonization is related to high caries activity during childhood (3,7,11). The mechanisms by which MS colonize and accumulate on tooth surfaces are not completely clear. In addition to environmental and host factors, specific genotypes of S. mutans may be more aggressive colonizers. This is suggested by previous findings of positive relationships between the production of water-insoluble glucan from sucrose by glucosyltransferase (GTF) activities and the intensity of MS oral colonization and caries incidence (19).Essential to the development of strategies for the prevention of dental caries is the identification of sources of MS transmission. DNA fingerprinting studies indicate that vertical transmission of bacteria from mother to child is the major route for early acquisition (2,13,15,18,21). However, detection of genotypes in children that are not found in their mothers or other family members indicates that MS may also be acquired from other sources (13,21,22). Since the spread of infectious agents is likely to occur in a nursery environment, we investigated the genetic similarity of MS strains isolated from Brazilian children attending nursery schools. The production of GTF isozymes was also examined to validate the genotypic similarities that we identified.The study group included 35 MS-infected children between 12 and 30 months of age (mean Ϯ standard deviation ϭ 23 Ϯ 5 months). This group accounted for 49% of the MS-colonized children previously described in a larger population (20), and it was primarily selected for the study of MS virulence factors. These children attended nine nursery schools in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, for 5 days per week, 10 h per day. A total of four sucrose-rich meals were provided daily in the nurseries. Clinical exams were performed to record the number of erupted teeth and manifest caries lesions as previously described (20). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents, and all consent and experimental procedures were approved by the institutional Ethical Committee of the University of São Paulo School of Dentistry.One to five isolates of MS were recovered from each of the 35 children. As previously described (19), oral samples were collected with tongue blades which were then pressed on the surface of mitis salivarius agar contact plates (Difco) (12) containing 2 IU of bacitracin (Sigma)/ml and 1...

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confidence: 76%

“…Infective strains of Streptococcus mutans, the most prevalent species of the MS group, may persist for many years in the mouths of preschool children (1,6,22). Early colonization is related to high caries activity during childhood (3,7,11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypic Diversity of Mutans Streptococci in Brazilian Nursery Children Suggests Horizontal Transmission

Mattos-Graner¹,

Caufield

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

106

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“…Usually the mother is regarded as the main source of the organisms found in children, based on chromosomal DNA-fingerprinting techniques used for the study of intrafamily clonal distribution (Alaluusua et al, 1994;Li & Caufield, 1995;Saarela et al, 1996). Straetemans et al (1998) suggested that a delayed acquisition of mutans streptococci may reduce the incidence of caries in both primary and permanent dentition later on.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal study of dental caries incidence associated with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in pre-school children

Okada

Soda

Hayashi

et al. 2005

Journal of Medical Microbiology

112

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Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are known to be associated with the development of dental caries. In this study these bacteria were detected in pre-school children (each with primary dentition, age range 3-5 years, n ¼ 60) using a PCR method, and then their presence was compared with the incidence of dental caries over a 1-year period. Plaque samples were collected from all erupted tooth sites using a sterile toothbrush. Dental examinations at the beginning of the study (baseline) and after 1 year were also performed to determine decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft) scores using WHO caries diagnostic criteria. The prevalences of S. mutans and S. sobrinus across all the subjects were 61 . 7 % and 56 . 6 %, respectively; 13 subjects (21 . 7 %) were positive for S. mutans alone, 10 (16 . 6 %) were positive for S. sobrinus alone and 24 (40 . 0 %) were positive for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus, whereas 13 (21 . 7 %) were negative for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus. dmft scores of subjects positive for both S. mutans and S. sobrinus at baseline and after 1 year were significantly higher than of those positive for S. mutans alone at the same stages (P , 0 . 01 and P , 0 . 001, respectively). The caries incremental increase was also significantly greater in those with both bacteria detected (P , 0 . 05). Our results indicate that pre-school children harbouring both S. mutans and S. sobrinus have a significantly higher incidence of dental caries than those with S. mutans alone. INTRODUCTIONMutans streptococci (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus) are considered to be major dental caries aetiologic agents. They are the most common pathogens isolated from human dental plaque and their prevalence has been reported in epidemiological studies (Hamada & Slade, 1980;Whiley & Beighton, 1998). S. mutans has been shown to be more prevalent than S. sobrinus in dental plaque samples (Loesche, 1986; Carlsson et al., 1987), while several epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence of S. sobrinus is more closely associated with high caries activity (Fujiwara et al., 1991;Hirose et al., 1993).In several epidemiological studies, identification of S. mutans and S. sobrinus on selective media such as mitis-salivarius (MS) or MS-bacitracin (MSB) agar has been performed using colonial morphology (Wade et al., 1986;Svanberg & Krasse, 1990). However, accurate differentiation between S. mutans and S. sobrinus is not easy, and is also timeconsuming and laborious (de Soet et al., 1990). Further, it has been reported that S. sobrinus from dental plaque samples is especially difficult to culture directly on MSB selective medium (Jordan 1986;de Soet et al., 1990). Thus, it is of great importance to distinguish the presence of these two species separately in children for accurate prediction and effective prevention of dental caries.Thus far, several methods used for detecting and identifying mutans streptococci have been reported, including direct microscopy, cultivation, enzyme tests, mAbs, ELISAs and specie...

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“…Among the viridans streptococci, S. oralis which, genetically, is extremely closely related to S. mitis (24) also appears to be highly diverse (3). In contrast, the diversity of S. sanguinis (31) and the mutans streptococi (S. mutans and S. sobrinus) appears to be limited (1,5,20,28,34,38). Among gram-negative commensal oral bacteria, studies of Eikenella corrodens (7,8,18), Fusobacterium nucleatum (19,42), and Prevotella melaninogenica (27) show that individuals may harbor multiple genotypes whereas, in contrast, colonization with Porphyromonas gingivalis (43) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (13,21) appears to be monoclonal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clonal Diversity and Turnover of Streptococcus mitis bv. 1 on Shedding and Nonshedding Oral Surfaces of Human Infants during the First Year of Life

Kirchherr

Bowden

Richmond

et al. 2005

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Streptococcus mitis bv. 1 is a pioneer colonizer of the human oral cavity. Studies of its population dynamics within parents and their infants and within neonates have shown extensive diversity within and between subjects. We examined the genetic diversity and clonal turnover of S. mitis bv. 1 isolated from the cheeks, tongue, and primary incisors of four infants from birth to 1 year of age. In addition, we compared the clonotypes of S. mitis bv. 1 isolated from their mothers' saliva collected in parallel to determine whether the mother was the origin of the clones colonizing her infant. Of 859 isolates obtained from the infants, 568 were unique clones. Each of the surfaces examined, whether shedding or nonshedding, displayed the same degree of diversity. Among the four infants it was rare to detect the same clone colonizing more than one surface at a given visit. There was little evidence for persistence of clones, but when clones were isolated on multiple visits they were not always found on the same surface. A similar degree of clonal diversity of S. mitis bv. 1 was observed in the mothers' saliva as in their infants' mouths. Clones common to both infant and mothers' saliva were found infrequently suggesting that this is not the origin of the infants' clones. It is unclear whether mucosal immunity exerts the environmental pressure driving the genetic diversity and clonal turnover of S. mitis bv. 1, which may be mechanisms employed by this bacterium to evade immune elimination.Streptococcus mitis bv. 1, S. oralis and S. salivarius are species of viridans streptococci that are pioneer colonizers of the human oral cavity and remain numerically significant throughout life (17,23,32). However, the origin of these bacteria remains to be determined. Despite the abundance of commensal bacteria present in the birth canal, none of these are able to successfully colonize the mouth of the infant suggesting that they do not have tropism for the oropharyngeal mucosa. It has been proposed that commensal bacteria are transferred from the primary care-giver (27,29,33,42), external environment (6), and from other areas of the respiratory tract (22,23).Successful colonization depends on the ability of the bacteria to circumvent host innate and acquired immunity in order that they can adhere to oral surfaces and avoid removal via the flushing action of saliva and mastication. Neonatal saliva has been shown to contain secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibodies that react with these bacteria (9, 10) but these antibodies appear insufficient to completely block adherence and subsequent colonization. Several species of viridans streptococci including the pioneers, S. mitis bv. 1 and S. oralis, produce IgA1 protease (11, 26) which may inactivate SIgA1 antibodies in saliva. In this context, it is interesting that over 90% of SIgA in the saliva of neonates belongs to subclass 1 (16). Furthermore, viridans streptococci elaborate extracellular polysaccharide (4) and bind salivary macromolecules (40) which may mask them from host immunit...

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The demonstration by ribotyping of the stability of oral Streptococcus mutans infection over 5 to 7 years in children

Cited by 52 publications

References 21 publications

Genotypic Diversity of Mutans Streptococci in Brazilian Nursery Children Suggests Horizontal Transmission

Genotypic Diversity of Mutans Streptococci in Brazilian Nursery Children Suggests Horizontal Transmission

Longitudinal study of dental caries incidence associated with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in pre-school children

Clonal Diversity and Turnover of Streptococcus mitis bv. 1 on Shedding and Nonshedding Oral Surfaces of Human Infants during the First Year of Life

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