The densification of cocoa bean shells for bioenergy purposes

Thompson, Samuel O.; Rough, S.L.

doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106057

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Thompson and Rough (2021) [129] evaluated the use of CBS as an alternative bioenergy source when used as a pellet. They evaluated different parameters, such as CBS particle size, compaction speed, compaction stress and binder addition (water, bentonite clay and magnesium stearate), in order to obtain a quality pellet.…”

Section: Biofuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocoa Bean Shell: A By-Product with High Potential for Nutritional and Biotechnological Applications

Sánchez

Laca

et al. 2023

Antioxidants

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Cocoa bean shell (CBS) is one of the main solid wastes derived from the chocolate industry. This residual biomass could be an interesting source of nutrients and bioactive compounds due to its high content in dietary fibres, polyphenols and methylxanthines. Specifically, CBS can be employed as a raw material for the recovery of, for example, antioxidants, antivirals and/or antimicrobials. Additionally, it can be used as a substrate to obtain biofuels (bioethanol or biomethane), as an additive in food processing, as an adsorbent and, even, as a corrosion-inhibiting agent. Together with the research on obtaining and characterising different compounds of interest from CBS, some works have focused on the employment of novel sustainable extraction methods and others on the possible use of the whole CBS or some derived products. This review provides insight into the different alternatives of CBS valorisation, including the most recent innovations, trends and challenges for the biotechnological application of this interesting and underused by-product.

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Section: Biofuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocoa Bean Shell: A By-Product with High Potential for Nutritional and Biotechnological Applications

Sánchez

Laca

et al. 2023

Antioxidants

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“…The physical method refers to the densification for pellet/briquette production, in which lignocellulosic feedstocks in the form of particles/chips are concentrated to pellets/briquettes by machines. The main purpose of densification is to increase bulk density for transportation and energy density for utilization (Thompson and Rough, 2021). Transesterification is used to covert nonedible vegetable oils into biodiesel with the assistance of alcohol and acid/basic catalysts (Veljković et al, 2012).…”

Section: Biowaste Conversion Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diluted Bitumen: Physicochemical Properties, Weathering Processes, Emergency Response, and Recovery

Zhong

Lin

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Bitumen, an unconventional crude oil, has received much attention with the increasing consumption and the shrinking storage of conventional crude oils. Bitumen is highly viscous and, thus, is commonly diluted for transportation purposes. Spills of diluted bitumen could occur during the transportation from reservoirs to refineries via pipeline, rail, and marine vessels. Although some laboratory and numerical modeling studies have been contributed to study the spill of diluted bitumen from different aspects, there is no systematic review in the field yet. Therefore, this study first conducted a review on different types of diluted bitumen based on their physicochemical properties, followed by their weathering processes including spreading, evaporation, emulsification, photooxidation, biodegradation, and sinking. Second, the numerical modeling on the fate and behavior of spilled diluted bitumen was summarized and analyzed. Finally, the techniques for spilled oil recovery were discussed, as well as the disposal/treatment of oily waste. Currently, a rare attempt has been made to turn the recovered oily waste into wealth (reutilization/valorization of oily waste). Using the recovered oily waste as the feedstock/processing medium for an emerging thermochemical conversion technique (hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass for crude bio-oil production) is highly recommended. Overall, this article summarized the state-of-the-art knowledge of the spill of diluted bitumen, with the hope to create a deep and systematic understanding on the spill of diluted bitumen for researchers, relevant companies, and decision makers.

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Valuation Strategies for the Biomass Generated While Producing and Transforming Cocoa into Chocolate

Chávez

Baviera

Pérez‐Esteve

2022

Trends in Sustainable Chocolate Production

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The densification of cocoa bean shells for bioenergy purposes

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Cocoa Bean Shell: A By-Product with High Potential for Nutritional and Biotechnological Applications

Cocoa Bean Shell: A By-Product with High Potential for Nutritional and Biotechnological Applications

Diluted Bitumen: Physicochemical Properties, Weathering Processes, Emergency Response, and Recovery

Valuation Strategies for the Biomass Generated While Producing and Transforming Cocoa into Chocolate

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