The density bias: Capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) prefer densely arranged items in a food-choice task.

Parrish, Audrey E.; French, Kristin; Creamer, Courtney; Rossettie, Mattea S.; Beran, Michael J.

doi:10.1037/com0000213

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Most monkeys were biased to select a denser food set over the same number of food items in a sparsely arranged set, suggesting that they misperceived those items as being numerous. These results were consistent with computerized testing of the density bias with these same monkeys [47], although those results are not included in the current review as individual performances were not reported.…”

Section: Parrish Et Al (2020)supporting

confidence: 77%

“…Younger children performed similarly to monkeys in terms of the variance in illusion susceptibility, whereas older children were more consistent in their perception of the Solitaire illusion. Furthermore, individual susceptibility by capuchin monkeys to the Solitaire illusion did not correlate with a related numerosity illusion, the density bias [46,47].…”

Section: Parrish Et Al (2016)mentioning

confidence: 82%

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Consistently Inconsistent Perceptual Illusions in Nonhuman Primates: The Importance of Individual Differences

Beran

Parrish

2022

Animals

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Perceptual illusions, and especially visual illusions, are of great interest not only to scientists, but to all people who experience them. From a scientific perspective, illusory visual experiences are informative about the nature of visual processes and the translation of sensory experiences to perceptual information that can then be used to guide behavior. It has been widely reported that some nonhuman species share these illusory experiences with humans. However, it is consistently the case that not all members of a species experience illusions in the same way. In fact, individual differences in susceptibility may be more typical than universal experiences of any given illusion. Focusing on research with the same nonhuman primates who were given a variety of perceptual illusion tasks, this “consistent inconsistency” is clearly evident. Additionally, this can even be true in assessments of human illusory experiences. Individual differences in susceptibility offer an important avenue for better understanding idiosyncratic aspects of visual perception, and the goal of isolating any possible universal principles of visual perception (in primates and beyond) should address these individual differences.

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Section: Parrish Et Al (2020)supporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Parrish Et Al (2016)mentioning

confidence: 82%

Consistently Inconsistent Perceptual Illusions in Nonhuman Primates: The Importance of Individual Differences

Beran

Parrish

2022

Animals

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“…A similar preference for the dense over the scattered food sets has been observed in a previous study with angelfish (Gómez-Laplaza and Gerlai, 2020). This density bias (i.e., the general preference for dense over scattered items) has also been reported in a variety of other animal species (Emmerton, 1998;Stevens et al, 2007;Uller et al, 2013;Parrish et al, 2017Parrish et al, , 2020Bertamini et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Food Quantity Discrimination in Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare): The Role of Number, Density, Size and Area Occupied by the Food Items

Gómez‐Laplaza

2020

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Quantity discrimination, the ability to identify, process, and respond to differences in number, has been shown in a variety of animal species and may have fitness value. In fish, the ability to distinguish between numerically different shoals has been well studied. However, little work has been devoted to the investigation of such ability in a foraging context. Nevertheless, angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) have been previously shown to be able to discriminate numerically different sets of food items, with variables such as size and density of the food items playing important roles in making the choice. Here, we examine the possible role of other numerical and non-numerical variables. Using a spontaneous binary choice task, we contrasted sets of food items differing in specifically controlled ways: (1) different numerical size but equal inter-item distance; (2) different numerical size and different inter-item distance; and (3) identical total contour length and area occupied but different individual food size and inter-food distance between the contrasted food sets. In Experiment 1, angelfish were found to prefer the sets with a large number of food items. In Experiment 2, they preferred the numerically smaller sets with clustered items to the numerically larger sets with scattered items, but only when the sets were in the large number range (10 vs. 5 food items). Finally, in Experiment 3 fish preferred numerically smaller sets with large-sized and scattered food items in the large number range sets. We conclude that food item number, density, and size may not be considered individually by angelfish, but instead, the fish respond to all these factors attempting to maximize energy gained from eating the food while minimizing energy expenditure collecting and/or protecting the food.

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“…A combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors can shape individual animals' preferences. Primates' food choices may be dictated by their relative preference for a food item compared to what others are available (e.g., Freeman et al, 2013), the respective densities of food items that are present (e.g., Parrish et al, 2020), the nutritional content of the food (e.g., Hohmann et al, 2010;Verspeek & Stevens, 2020), and/or how far an animal is willing to go (in terms of energy expenditure, social conflict, etc.) to obtain a certain resource (Bonnie et al, 2019;Bramlett et al, 2012;Hopper et al, 2015;Schwartz et al, 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Primates' Food Preferences Predict Their Food Choices Even Under Uncertain Conditions

Huskisson¹,

Egelkamp²,

Jacobson³

et al. 2021

AB&C

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Primates’ food preferences are typically assessed under conditions of certainty. To increase ecological validity, and to explore primates’ decision making from a comparative perspective, we tested three primate species (Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Macaca fuscata) (N = 18) in two food-preference tests that created different conditions of uncertainty. In the first, we showed subjects pairs of photographs of six foods in a randomized manner within each session, so subjects could not predict the next pairing and had to respond in accordance with their preferences. We found individual differences in subjects’ preference and differences in six subjects’ preferences when comparing their selections in this test to selections made when trials were blocked by food pairing (tested previously: Huskisson et al., 2020). In in each trial of the second test we paired the food stimuli with a ‘chance’ symbol, representing a random reward of one of the six foods. Across species, each subject’s propensity to select chance over the known food varied by food type: when the known option was highly preferred, subjects were less likely to select the chance symbol. Additionally, 61.11% of the subjects’ rates of selecting foods in the first test showed a positive trend with the rates of selecting the same foods under conditions of uncertainty here; three of these subjects’ selection rates were significantly correlated between tests. Finally, if the food chimpanzees received for selecting the chance symbol was a preferred food, they were more likely to select chance again in the subsequent trial.

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The density bias: Capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) prefer densely arranged items in a food-choice task.

Cited by 8 publications

References 42 publications

Consistently Inconsistent Perceptual Illusions in Nonhuman Primates: The Importance of Individual Differences

Consistently Inconsistent Perceptual Illusions in Nonhuman Primates: The Importance of Individual Differences

Food Quantity Discrimination in Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare): The Role of Number, Density, Size and Area Occupied by the Food Items

Primates' Food Preferences Predict Their Food Choices Even Under Uncertain Conditions

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