The density of alloys of tin—lead system in the solid and liquid states

Stankus, S. V.; Khairulin, R. A.

doi:10.1007/s10740-006-0048-5

Cited by 48 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…We used the concentration and temperature dependences of molar volume of liquid tin-lead system, obtained in [6]. According to the results of the latter study, the molar volumes of liquid tin-lead alloys are in fact additive with respect to the molar volumes of components (deviations from additivity do not exceed 0.1-0.3%).…”

Section: The Experimental Procedures and Processing Of Primarymentioning

confidence: 99%

The interdiffusion in melts of tin-lead system of eutectic and near-eutectic composition

2008

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The method of gamma-raying of samples by a narrow beam of gamma radiation is used to measure the interdiffusion coefficients in melts of a tin-lead system, which contain 17.6, 26.1, 29.3, and 33.9 at.% Pb, at temperatures from 500 to 1000 K. The results are compared with literature data. It is found that the concentration dependence of diffusion coefficient exhibits no special features in the vicinity of eutectic composition.

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Section: The Experimental Procedures and Processing Of Primarymentioning

confidence: 99%

The interdiffusion in melts of tin-lead system of eutectic and near-eutectic composition

2008

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“…1 and 2 (the data used in plotting Fig. 1 are those reported by Stankus and Khairulin, 2006). As shown in these figures, density decreases with increasing temperature.…”

Section: Shrinkagementioning

confidence: 60%

“…Further details of fluid flow simulations can be seen elsewhere (Bussmann et al, 1999;. The properties of tin and nickel for the droplets and of air are taken from the published literature (Incropera and DeWitt, 2007;Raessi and Mostaghimi, 2005;and Stankus and Khairulin, 2006).…”

Section: Fluid Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulation of Droplet Impact and Solidification Including Thermal Shrinkage in a Thermal Spray Process

Alavi¹,

Passandideh-Fard²

2011

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer

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In this paper, a numerical study is performed to investigate the effects of thermal shrinkage on the deposition of molten particles on a substrate in a thermal spray process using the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method. Thermal shrinkage is a phenomenon caused by the variation of density during cooling and solidification of a molten metal. The Navier-Stokes equations along with the energy equation including phase change are solved using a 2D/axisymmetric mesh. The VOF method is used to track the free surface of molten particles, and an enthalpy-porosity formulation is used to model solidification. For the normal impact of tin particles in the order of 2 mm in diameter and 1 m/s in impact velocity, the final splat had a single cavity inside due to shrinkage. For cases with the scales of a typical thermal spray process, the effect of shrinkage appeared as a reduction in the droplet splashing on the substrate. Keywords INTRODUCTIONIn thermal spray processes, coatings such as various metals and alloys, carbides, and ceramics are applied to metal surfaces by a spray gun with a stream of oxyfuel flame, electric arc, or plasma arc. These coatings are formed by spraying and deposition of molten droplets on the substrate. The properties and quality of these coatings depend on many factors such as flame/laser/arc, material used for spraying, substrate material and its surface conditions, and spray characteristics. Another phenomenon that affects the shape of droplets in thermal spraying is thermal shrinkage. Because of their thermal expansion characteristics and changes in density, metals shrink or contract during solidification and cooling. Shrinkage, which causes dimensional changes and sometimes cracking, is the result of these three phases:a) Contraction of a molten metal as it cools prior to its solidification.b) Contraction of the metal during phase change from liquid to solid (release of the latent heat of fusion).c) Contraction of the solidified metal (casting) as its temperature drops to the ambient temperature.The shrinkage occurs because in most of the materials, the volume decreases due to an increase in density when the material undergoes solidification and cooling. Shrinkage can cause various defects in manufacturing processes. These defects can affect the appearance or even the structural integrity of the final product. Some examples are cavities, porosities, discontinuities such as cracks, defective surface, etc. In a thermal spray process, shrinkage has some effects on the deposition of droplets on the substrate and the formation of coating including porosity, cavity, curl-up of splat and surface depression.Developing a model to simulate impacts and solidification of molten droplets on to a substrate is a complex problem. It involves simultaneous computing of heat transfer and fluid flow in a droplet with a moving free surface. Adding phase change and density variation in this phenomenon makes the problem more complex. Modeling droplet impacts has a long history. Harlow and Shannon (1967) were the firs...

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“…According to the phase diagram [5−7], lead-rich eutectic in the Li-Pb system is a mixture of almost pure lead and intermediate compound of LiPb (Li 50 Pb 50 ). The density of the intermediate phase at 298 K, calculated from the parameters of its crystal lattice, equals 8000 kg/m 3 [17], and the density of lead at this temperature is equal to 11340 kg/m 3 [18]. The estimate according to Zen rule gives the density of the Li 15.7 Pb 84.3 alloy equal to 10501 kg/m 3 .…”

Section: And Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volumetric properties of near-eutectic liquid Li–Pb alloys

Abdullaev

Agazhanov

Khairulin

et al. 2016

Thermophys. Aeromech.

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The density and the thermal expansion of liquid lithium-lead alloys with Pb content of 83.0 and 84.3 at. % was measured using gamma-ray attenuation technique over the temperature range from liquidus to 1000 K. The density change during solid-liquid phase transition was directly measured for the first time for Li 15.7 Pb 84.3 alloy. A comparison of the obtained results with literature data has been carried out.

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The density of alloys of tin—lead system in the solid and liquid states

Cited by 48 publications

References 8 publications

The interdiffusion in melts of tin-lead system of eutectic and near-eutectic composition

The interdiffusion in melts of tin-lead system of eutectic and near-eutectic composition

Numerical Simulation of Droplet Impact and Solidification Including Thermal Shrinkage in a Thermal Spray Process

Volumetric properties of near-eutectic liquid Li–Pb alloys

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