The dependence of frequency upon microwave power of wall-coated and buffer-gas-filled gas cell Rb87 frequency standards

Risley, A. S.; Jarvis, Stephen; Vanier, J.

doi:10.1063/1.328348

Cited by 62 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…For example, the paraffin coating introduces a small shift in the hyperfine frequency of the atomic ground state, which varies between cells and must be accounted for in the use of alkali vapor cells as frequency standards. 25,52 In addition, the measured vapor pressure in a paraffin-coated cell is smaller than the expected saturated vapor pressure at the temperature of the cell, implying that alkali atoms can be absorbed into, and thus can diffuse within, the bulk volume of the paraffin. 2,5,53 It has been observed 54,55 that alkali vapor density increases significantly when a paraffin-coated cell is exposed to light (particularly uv and near-uv light) due to the lightinduced atomic desorption (LIAD) effect, 56 which causes absorbed atoms to be ejected from the paraffin coating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of antirelaxation coatings for alkali-metal vapor cells using surface science techniques

Seltzer¹,

Michalak²,

Donaldson³

et al. 2010

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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Many technologies based on cells containing alkali-metal atomic vapor benefit from the use of anti-relaxation surface coatings in order to preserve atomic spin polarization. In particular, paraffin has been used for this purpose for several decades and has been demonstrated to allow an atom to experience up to 10,000 collisions with the walls of its container without depolarizing, but the details of its operation remain poorly understood. We apply modern surface and bulk techniques to the study of paraffin coatings, in order to characterize the properties that enable the effective preservation of alkali spin polarization. These methods include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, atomic force microscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We also compare the light-induced atomic desorption yields of several different paraffin materials. Experimental results include the determination that crystallinity of the coating material is unnecessary, and the detection of C=C double bonds present within a particular class of effective paraffin coatings. Further study should lead to the development of more robust paraffin anti-relaxation coatings, as well as the design and synthesis of new classes of coating materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of antirelaxation coatings for alkali-metal vapor cells using surface science techniques

Seltzer¹,

Michalak²,

Donaldson³

et al. 2010

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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“…With a coating material such as paraffin the atomic coherence can survive several thousand wall collisions leading to observed linewidths of only a few hertz on either Zeeman [2,3] or hyperfine transitions [4]. These narrow linewidths allowed an increase in the sensitivity of atomic magnetometers [5] and the short-term stability of atomic clocks [6]. In recent years there has been considerable progress in miniaturizing magnetometers and frequency standards using microfabricated vapor cells [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light effects in the atomic-motion-induced Ramsey narrowing of dark resonances in wall-coated cells

et al. 2010

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We report on light shift and broadening in the atomic-motion-induced Ramsey narrowing of dark resonances prepared in alkali-metal vapors contained in wall-coated cells without buffer gas. The atomic-motion-induced Ramsey narrowing is due to the free motion of the polarized atomic spins in and out of the optical interaction region before spin relaxation. As a consequence of this effect, we observe a narrowing of the dark resonance linewidth as well as a reduction of the ground states' light shift when the volume of the interaction region decreases at constant optical intensity. The results can be intuitively interpreted as a dilution of the intensity effect similar to a pulsed interrogation due to the atomic motion. Finally the influence of this effect on the performance of compact atomic clocks is discussed.

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“…Long-lived ground-state coherences in atomic vapor cells form the basis for atomic clocks [1][2][3], magnetometers [4,5], quantum memory [6], spin-squeezing and quantum non-demolition measurements [7,8], and precision measurements of fundamental symmetries [9]. One method for achieving long coherence times is to coat the walls of a cell with an anti-relaxation film such as paraffin [10,11] or octadecyltrichlorosilane [12].…”

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confidence: 99%

Polarized Alkali-Metal Vapor with Minute-Long Transverse Spin-Relaxation Time

et al. 2010

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We demonstrate lifetimes of atomic populations and coherences in excess of 60 seconds in alkali vapor cells with inner walls coated with an alkene material. This represents two orders of magnitude improvement over the best paraffin coatings. Such anti-relaxation properties will likely lead to substantial improvements in atomic clocks, magnetometers, quantum memory, and enable sensitive studies of collisional effects and precision measurements of fundamental symmetries. [7,8], and precision measurements of fundamental symmetries [9]. One method for achieving long coherence times is to coat the walls of a cell with an anti-relaxation film such as paraffin [10,11] or octadecyltrichlorosilane [12]. Conventional paraffin coatings are formed from long-chain alkane molecules, supporting approximately 10 4 atom-wall collisions before depolarizing the alkali spins. In this Letter we report on the remarkable anti-relaxation properties of a new, alkene based, coating. With proper experimental arrangements, we realize coherence lifetimes on the order of 1 minute in a 3 cm diameter cell, corresponding to about 10 6 polarization preserving bounces. To the best of our knowledge, this corresponds to the narrowest electron paramagnetic resonance ever observed.One of the key ingredients to realizing such long lifetimes is to work in magnetic fields such that the Larmor precession frequency is small compared to the spinexchange rate, and to optically pump the alkali vapor with circularly polarized light. This largely eliminates relaxation due to spin-exchange collisions, the so called spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) regime [13,14]. SERF magnetometers presently hold the record for magnetic field sensitivity of any device [15,16], but usually require operation at temperatures in excess of 150• C. The alkene coating described here enables operation of such a magnetometer in a room temperature environment, dramatically expanding its useful range of application, especially where low power consumption is important. We present an experimental and theoretical investigation of a room temperature atomic magnetometer operating in the SERF regime. Experiment and theory are in good agreement with each other.Exchange of atoms between the bulb of the cell and the stem with the Rb reservoir (Fig.

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The dependence of frequency upon microwave power of wall-coated and buffer-gas-filled gas cell Rb87 frequency standards

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Cited by 62 publications

References 4 publications

Investigation of antirelaxation coatings for alkali-metal vapor cells using surface science techniques

Investigation of antirelaxation coatings for alkali-metal vapor cells using surface science techniques

Light effects in the atomic-motion-induced Ramsey narrowing of dark resonances in wall-coated cells

Polarized Alkali-Metal Vapor with Minute-Long Transverse Spin-Relaxation Time

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