The dependence of interresponse times upon the relative reinforcement of different interresponse times.

Anger, Douglas

doi:10.1037/h0041255

Cited by 344 publications

(291 citation statements)

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“…A more sensitive method of estimating the probability of response as a joint function of stimulus value and time since preceding response makes use of Anger's (1956) IRTs/Op statistic (Blough, 1969). Anger (1956) argues that because there are more opportunities for short IRTs than for long IRTs, the relative frequency of occurrence of a given IRT should be assessed in relation to the opportunity that the IRT may occur.…”

Section: Victoria University Of Wellington Wellington New Zealandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anger (1956) argues that because there are more opportunities for short IRTs than for long IRTs, the relative frequency of occurrence of a given IRT should be assessed in relation to the opportunity that the IRT may occur. In a given IRT class interval, the number of opportunities for an IRT is the number of IRTs in that interval plus the number of longer IRTs.…”

Section: Victoria University Of Wellington Wellington New Zealandmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Postdiscrimination generalization as a function of interresponse time

White

1973

Animal Learning & Behavior

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following 20 sessions of variable-interval 20-sec reinforcement in the presence of a single 45-deg line-tilt stimulus, three pigeons were trained to discriminate between line tilts of 45 deg correlated with variable-interval 2Q..sec reinforcement and line tilts of 15 deg correlated with extinction. A generalization test along the line-tilt dimension was administered following a criterion discrimination performance. Gradients derived in terms of relative frequency of response as a function of line tilt indieated strong externalszimulus control and exhibited clear peak shift. From the interresponse time (lRI) distributions generated for responding to each test stimulus, probability of response conditional upon IRI (lRIs/Op) was derived as a joint function of line tilt and IRI. The IRIs/Op functions for responses following IRIs in 0.2-sec-wide classes from 0.2 to 1.0 sec and for responses following IRIs in the interval of 1.0 to 2.0 sec were similar to the relative generalization gradients and also exhibited peak shift. Few IRIs were greater than 2.0 sec. External stimulus control was established over responses terminating IRIs both longer and shorter than 1.0 sec. .Stimulus control is assessed by measuring the change in response probability that results from a change in stimulus value. The generalization gradient obtained following free-operant, single-stimulus training (Guttman & Kalish, 1956) or discrimination training (Hanson, 1959) shows variation in rate or frequency of response. In the generalization test, response frequency is recorded in each test period (which is typically 30 sec in duration), and responses to the test stimulus are summed over all test periods. The problem with this particular method is that it gives no information about changes in rate of response that might occur within a test period. That is, although there may be variation in interresponse time (IRT), the defining characteristic of rate, such variation cannot be observed without disecting the gross frequency measure. If there is variation in IRT within the test periods, it is possible that generalization is different for different classes of IRT. In other words, the exteroceptive stimuli control responses which occur after some IRTs, but do not control those responses which occur after other IRTs. Blough (1963) presents data that suggest that stimulus generalization is different for different IRT classes. The IRT distributions for a pigeon's responses to each of several test wavelength stimuli (obtained following training with one stimulus value) showed that responses terminating short IRTs are the least affected by stimulus value. Blough (1963) concludes that "the gradient is produced mainly by a shift upward of the longer IRTs which leave the time of the short peaks relatively unaffected. It appears, as might be expected, that stimulus control is exerted over the responses following long IRTs: the thing that controls the occurrence of a *This research was conducted at the University of Otago.

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Section: Victoria University Of Wellington Wellington New Zealandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Victoria University Of Wellington Wellington New Zealandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postdiscrimination generalization as a function of interresponse time

White

1973

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…What is needed here is an index of the conditional probability of performing a response in the WS interval, provided that the opportunity occurs. This is the same index that Anger (1956) termed the "IRT/Op.," or the likelihood of response in a certain interresponse interval, given an opportunity in that interval. For subjects having a WS, the conditional probability of responding in the WS interval is essentially the same as the traditional measure used in discretetrials signaled avoidance, i.e., the number or proportion of avoidances in successive equal blocks of training trials.…”

Section: Procedun! and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shock intensity and warning signal effects on several measures of operant avoidance acquisition

Myers

1977

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Acquisition of both signaled and unsignaled operant avoidance learning was studied in 64 rats as a function of shock intensity, with three different warning signals used in the signaled procedure. In both signaled and unsignaled avoidance, overall response rate was a progressively increasing function of shock intensity. This was due to both an absolute and relative increase in the frequency of responses at shorter interresponse times with increasing shock intensity. Presence of an effective warning signal in the interval immediately preceding shock increased the probability of an avoidance response in this interval, decreased overall response rate, and reduced shock frequency. A buzzer signal proved most effective, followed by tone and light. However, once a warning signal occurred, the probability of an avoidance response to the signal was virtually independent of shock intensity. Also. an index of avoidance efficiency proved to be inversely related to shock intensity.

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“…After 17 sessions were carried out, the CR was recovered. With respect to the temporal discrimination function, there have been many studies of timing behavior in rats using the differential reinforcement of low res ponse rate schedule (Anger 1956, Kelleher et al 1959, Ellen et al 1964, Ellen and Butter 1969. These studies and others on monkeys (Brady andConrad 1960, Stamm 1963) or rabbits (Suzuki and Saito 1970) have consistently indicated that animals responded at very short inter-response times in earlier stages of the training, and as the training progressed they tended to show longer inter-response times in accordance with requirements of the schedule.…”

Section: Augmentation Of Visual Evoked Potentials By Pairing Photic Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Timing Behavior by Contingent Photic Stimulation in Cats

Uramoto

1972

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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The dependence of interresponse times upon the relative reinforcement of different interresponse times.

Cited by 344 publications

References 5 publications

Postdiscrimination generalization as a function of interresponse time

Postdiscrimination generalization as a function of interresponse time

Shock intensity and warning signal effects on several measures of operant avoidance acquisition

Control of Timing Behavior by Contingent Photic Stimulation in Cats

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