The deposition and characterization of starch in Brachypodium distachyon

Tanackovic, Vanja; Svensson, Jan T.; Jensen, Sheila Ingemann; Buléon, Alain; Blennow, Andreas

doi:10.1093/jxb/eru276

Cited by 16 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…Evidence suggests that compound starch granules represent the ancestral state in the Poaceae, e.g., Sorghum italica is the earliest diverging lineage within the PACMAD clade, and is the only member of this group with compound granules in the endosperm ( [1,[402][403][404] (see Figure 1) and simple or bimodal granules occur in only more recently diverged lineages. Brachypodium is phylogenetically closer to wheat (bimodal starch granules) than maize (simple starch granules) [405], yet shows only small B-type (and C-type) granules in the endosperm [398,406]. In the grasses and cereals of the Festucoid family, large lenticular-shaped A-type granules (10-35 µm diameter) are formed early in endosperm development, whilst the smaller, near-spherical B-type granules (averaging 5-9 µm in diameter) are formed later [407][408][409].…”

Section: Starch Granule Growth Size and Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch Biosynthesis in the Developing Endosperms of Grasses and Cereals

Tetlow

Emes

2017

Agronomy

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Abstract:The starch-rich endosperms of the Poaceae, which includes wild grasses and their domesticated descendents the cereals, have provided humankind and their livestock with the bulk of their daily calories since the dawn of civilization up to the present day. There are currently unprecedented pressures on global food supplies, largely resulting from population growth, loss of agricultural land that is linked to increased urbanization, and climate change. Since cereal yields essentially underpin world food and feed supply, it is critical that we understand the biological factors contributing to crop yields. In particular, it is important to understand the biochemical pathway that is involved in starch biosynthesis, since this pathway is the major yield determinant in the seeds of six out of the top seven crops grown worldwide. This review outlines the critical stages of growth and development of the endosperm tissue in the Poaceae, including discussion of carbon provision to the growing sink tissue. The main body of the review presents a current view of our understanding of storage starch biosynthesis, which occurs inside the amyloplasts of developing endosperms.

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Section: Starch Granule Growth Size and Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch Biosynthesis in the Developing Endosperms of Grasses and Cereals

Tetlow

Emes

2017

Agronomy

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“…GWD2 and GWD3 were found in a wide range of organisms, while GWD2 was identified in very few higher plants, corroborating previous reports (Baunsgaard et al, 2005;Glaring et al, 2007). Unlike previously described (Glaring et al, 2007), GWD2 is not exclusive to dicots but also present in monocots, such as Brachypodium distachyon and Hordeum vulgare (Blennow et al, 2013;Radchuk et al, 2009;Tanackovic et al, 2014b). This result confirmed the assumption that the duplication of GWD occurred before divergence of monocots and dicots.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Starch meets biotechnology : in planta modification of starch composition and functionalities

Xu¹

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“…The protein content in Brachypodium grain is reported between 17 and 28 %, higher than that of wheat, barley, oat, or rice (Guillon et al 2011;Guillon et al 2012;Tanackovic et al 2014). The globulin is the prominent protein stored in the endosperm cells of Brachypodium.…”

Section: Seed Compositionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The globulin is the prominent protein stored in the endosperm cells of Brachypodium. While starch is the dominant carbohydrate in most domesticated cereals and accounts for approximately 50-70 % of the grain weight, it only represents about 6-12 % of the Brachypodium grains (Guillon et al 2011;Tanackovic et al 2014). At the possible expense of starch, more (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan is deposited in Brachypodium grain and comprises approximately 45 % of the grain weight and 50 % of the endosperm weight at maturity.…”

Section: Seed Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Brachypodium granules are mostly flattened, appearing as concave disks with depressions in the centre like doughnuts (Tanackovic et al 2014). Several studies have shown the Brachypodium starch granules are small in size and are not bimodally distributed (Chen et al 2014a;Guillon et al 2012;Hands et al 2012;Opanowicz et al 2011), although Tanackovic et al (2014) reported a bimodal population of Brachypodium granules consisting of small B-type (2.5-10 μm) and very small C-type (0.5-2.5 μm).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Brachypodium Seed: A Potential Model for Studying Grain Development of Cereal Crops

Thilmony

2015

Genetics and Genomics of Brachypodium

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Seeds of small grains are important resources for human and animal food. The understanding of seed biology is essential for crop improvement by increasing grain yields and nutritional value. In the last decade, Brachypodium distachyon has been developed as a model plant for temperate cereal grasses. Recently, several studies have been published that compare Brachypodium seed anatomy and grain development to those of wheat and barley. While seeds of these three species share many properties, distinct features were identified in Brachypodium, including relatively smaller endosperms with thick cell walls and irregularities in cell sizes in the aleurone layer. Brachypodium seeds have lower starch and higher (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content, and lower prolamin and higher globulin protein contents, compared to its domesticated relatives. The sequences and expression of genes involved in starch biosynthesis are conserved between Brachypodium and domesticated cereals, but the expression of certain genes in Brachypodium seeds is earlier and at much lower levels, providing a possible explanation for their relatively low starch content. Proteomics analyses indicated that the predominant globulins in the storage proteins were the 11S type and that they are encoded by a multi-gene family. Less than 12 % of the storage proteins were of the prolamin class. Annotation of the Brachypodium genome revealed it contains much fewer prolamin genes than the genomes of wheat and maize, suggesting that the high levels of seed globulins in the former are at the expense of prolamins. The demonstration that expression of a wheat High-MolecularWeight glutenin gene promoter was endosperm-specific in Brachypodium transgenic plants opens the way for analyses of other gene promoters from cereal crop species that are difficult to transform. The ease of obtaining transgenic Brachypodium plants and the relatively large size of its seeds compared to its small stature make it an ideal system for research of seed properties including dormancy, germination and maturation.

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The deposition and characterization of starch in Brachypodium distachyon

Abstract: Highlight textA thorough study of starch biosynthesis and deposition in a non-domesticated wild grass was performed using Brachypodium distachyon as a model.

Cited by 16 publications

References 63 publications

Starch Biosynthesis in the Developing Endosperms of Grasses and Cereals

Starch Biosynthesis in the Developing Endosperms of Grasses and Cereals

Starch meets biotechnology : in planta modification of starch composition and functionalities

Brachypodium Seed: A Potential Model for Studying Grain Development of Cereal Crops

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