The description of bilingualism

Abstract

Bilingualism is not a phenomenon of language; it is a characteristic of its use. It is not a feature of the code but of the message. It does not belong to the domain of “langue” but of “parole.”If language is the property of the group, bilingualism is the property of the individual. An individual’s use of two languages supposes the existence of two different language communities; it does not suppose the existence of a bilingual community. The bilingual community can only be regarded as a dependent collection of individuals who have reasons for being bilingual. A self-sufficient bilingual community has no reason to remain bilingual, since a closed community in which everyone is fluent in two languages could get along just as well with one language. As long as there are different monolingual communities, however, there is likelihood of contact between them; this contact results in bilingualism.

Socio Linguistic Study of Code Switching of the Arabic Language Speakers on Social Networking

“…Haugen (1953) further explained that bilingualism only exists when a speaker of one language has the ability to produce complete meaningful utterances in another language. While the definitions remain vague and do not entirely reveal what exactly is needed for a speaker to be a bilingual, both Weinreich (1953) and Mackey (1957) provided a more or less similar definition where bilingualism is said to be the alternate use of two languages or more by the same speaker, altogether embracing the concept of multilingualism in its definition.…”

Bilingualism and Language Education in French Primary Schools: Why and How Should Migrant Languages be Valued?

“…Such a statement equates bilingualism with perfect competence in two languages and ignores the work of most authors in the field (Baetens-Beardsmore, 1982;Baker, 1996;Bloomfield, 1933;Grosjean, 1985;Haugen, 1953;Mackey, 1962;Romaine, 1989;Saunders, 1988;Van Overbecke, 1972, etc. ) who have insisted on the importance of the relative nature of bilingualism.…”

He manga wai e kore e Whitikia? Ngā au ripo o te reo rua, o te iwi kōrero Māori

“…Ka mutu, ahakoa e kïia ana he 'reo rua,' ehara i te mea e rua anake öna reo. Ka rua pea, neke atu ränei öna reo (Appel & Muysken, 1987;Bauer, Holmes & Warren, 2006;Fielding, 2015;Garcia & Wei, 2013;Mackey, 2000;Myers-Scotton, 2006;Wei, 2000). Kei tënä, kei tënä anö täna whakapae mö te tokomaha o te ao e reo rua ana (Grosjean, 1982, wh.…”