The UNIX operating system enjoys an ever increasing popularity throughout the computing community; there will be 1.4 million UNIX licences distributed by 1985, rising at a rate of about 400,000 per m u m .With universal acceptance of a system comes a dangerously high degree of inertia. Consider the analogous area of programming languages, where there has been great resistance to change, despite major advancements.This paper presents a critique of UNIX, based on three areas which we consider to be of vital importance to future operating systems. These areas are operating system structures and design, programming support environments and distributed computing.The criticisms presented are in no way intended to discredit UNIX. UNIX compares favourably with most of the present generation of operating systems. The intention is to highlight deficiencies in the state of the art in operating system design.Berkeley 4.2 system. In several areas, this is drastically different from previous versions of UNIX. However, the basic philosophies are retained. In addition, Bell Laboratories have released a version called System V which incorporates many of the ideas found in Berkeley 4.2 Unix. In response to pressure from industry, this version is to be fully supported. In this paper, we shall concentrate on the basic features common to all UNIX versions. Where appropriate, explicit reference will be made to the new features contained in later versions of UNIX.The creators of UNIX, in retrospect, list four major reasons for its success:'1. It is simple enough to be comprehended, yet powerful enough to do most of the-2. The user interface is clean and relatively surprise free. 3. It runs on a machine that has become very popular in its own right (PDP-11). 4. Besides the operating system and its basic utilities, a good deal of interesting However, there is a danger that the bandwagon effect currently being witnessed will lead to extensive investment in the UNIX operating system and its ideas and hence restrict advancement of the science in that area.A parallel can be drawn with the early days of high level programming languages when early languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL, were almost universally used in industry. This large investment has led to great resistance to change despite the major advances in programming languages. The purpose of this paper is then to bring together the (often well known) shortcomings and limitations of the UNIX operating system and, it is hoped, to generate debate on the 'pros and cons' of UNIX and the way forward in operating system design. The authors have all had wide experience of UNIX both as systems programmers and as users in a variety of research projects in the areas of communications, databases, programming support environments and VLSI chip design.Section 2 of this paper provides a short introduction to the concepts and terminology of the UNIX operating system. Section 3 contains the main body of the paper. First, the UNIX structure and design are considered in a critical light in Section 3.1....