List of symbols a Acceleration, m/s 2 c i Parameter of the DCVO, i = 1, 2, 3 C i Positive constant for tuning the STA, i = 1, 2 d Uncertain input disturbance to the plant D Dynamic compensator of the DCVO e Positional tracking error, m g Input gain of the plant h Viscous coefficient of the plant k i Parameter related to a switching function in the SMC, i = 1, 2, 3 K i Switching gain in the SMC, i = 1, 2 l i Parameter of the SSVO, i = 1, 2 r Positional reference, m u Plant's torque-producing input, V v Velocity, m/s x Position, m Greek symbols α Parameter of the STA ε Positional estimation error γ Parameter of the TD ξ Correction term in the DCVO Parameter of the STA ω dc Parameter for tuning the DCVO ω n Parameter for tuning the SMC ω ss Parameter for tuning the SSVO σ Switching function in the SMC Subscripts 0 Relative to initial condition m Relative to measurement