The design and manufacture of tactile maps using an inkjet process

McCallum, Don; Ahmed, Kafeel; Jehoel, Sandra; Dinar, Snir; Sheldon, D. F.

doi:10.1080/09544820500273946

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The printer is able to print out standard bitmap files, and by using multiple passes, generates an image raised from the substrate (McCallum, Dinar, Ahmed, Jehoel and Sheldon, 2005;McCallum and Ungar, 2003). By altering the bitmap files between different print passes it is possible to create structures with a true variation in the third dimension, not merely extruded up from the page (see Figure 2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of tactile directional symbols

McCallum

Ungar

Jehoel

2006

British Journal of Visual Impairment

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Symbols that could effectively designate direction have the potential to show routes, geographic phenomena, aid scientific explanation and generally enhance understanding of tactile maps and diagrams. In this study, 41 tactile symbols, including subsets of arrow symbols and stair symbols, were investigated for effectiveness at indicating direction. The symbols were presented to blind or blindfolded participants, and qualitative and quantitative responses regarding the symbol orientation and meaning were recorded. The arrow symbols with the greatest agreement across participants as to which direction the symbol intended to convey were basic arrows and the arrowhead. In the case of a line with a saw-tooth surface profile that felt rough when traced by the finger in one direction and smooth in the opposite, participants were split between those intuitively thinking the rough or the smooth was the direction being indicated. Stair symbols with a greater degree of threedimensionality gave marginally increased agreement as to which way was up.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of tactile directional symbols

McCallum

Ungar

Jehoel

2006

British Journal of Visual Impairment

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“…Multi-layer printing of diagrams has been implemented to build up threedimensional structural features. 2 Each layer of print is cured by UV irradiation before the subsequent layer is deposited. The form, shape and texture of the 3D structure directly influences the tactile efficiency of the maps as outlined by psychophysical and cartographic studies of haptics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The form, shape and texture of the 3D structure directly influences the tactile efficiency of the maps as outlined by psychophysical and cartographic studies of haptics. 2 3D tactile diagrams essentially comprise of numerous micro drops deposited by the print head onto the substrate. A detailed study of drop impact behavior and coalescence, which constitutes the basic process, is essential to achieve further advancement and to develop a complete understanding of physical parameters and their effects on the tactile features produced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiphase Micro-Drop Interaction in Inkjet Printing of 3d Structures for Tactile Maps

2005

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Ink-jet technology is a novel method for rapid deposition of accurately measured material with high precision. Consequently it has been used for applications such as, deposition of light emitting polymers and more recently for fabricating 3D objects and micro-mechanical structures. Ink-jet technology is also being applied to produce tactile maps for the visually impaired. The efficiency of the tactile maps, as outlined by psychophysical and cartographic studies of haptics, depends on its 3D features. To comprehend and control these features, detailed understanding of interaction amongst micro-drops, which are typically 50µm in diameter, is imperative. Multiphase interaction takes place between each liquid drop at impact with liquid or solid cured drops (deposited previously) and the solid substrate in an envelop of air. The behavior of micro-drops with regards to surface tension, drop coalescence among liquid and solid drops, drop impact kinetics, wettability, surface energy and drop spread has been analyzed using a computational model.

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“…screen printing (often used for tagging drugs), thermal forming of films on a prepared matrix (used most often in the case of convex graphics in large editions) or convex ink printing (deposition of a dense ink onto a PVC base by means of jets positioned within a plane) [11].…”

Section: Copying On Microencapsulated Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental studies of the quality of embossed characters of the Braille alphabet

Barczyk

Jasińska‐Choromańska

2016

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

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Abstract. The paper presents studies pertaining to the quality of embossed characters of the Braille alphabet used, among other applications, for tagging drug labels. The following parameters of embossed inscriptions were measured: height, diameter of the dots and surface roughness (18 samples with various combinations of their values). 48 blind individuals assessed the quality of the printed text. Statistical analysis proved that a text with dots having height of 0.9 millimeter, diameter of 1.6 millimeters and roughness Ra of about 1 micrometer to be the best. The samples had been made using two different methods of rapid prototyping: PolyJet and SLS. 3D printing is increasingly popular and the studies proved the usefulness of these methods for labeling with embossed inscriptions, due to the repeatability, durability and quality they ensure. The assessing group of blind individuals was comprised of 24 persons 14-17 years old and other 24 persons aged over 60 who were not proficient in reading Braille alphabet, This allows to conclude that a text featuring the above values of the parameters will be easy to read for the majority of blind persons. a study, in which embossed writing parameters (and their values) are analyzed using subjective assessments of the prints by groups of the blind. The aim of the study was to determine values of the parameters of the embossed writing, for which it is easy for the reader to recognize the text. The studies confirmed the significance of the analyzed factors. The Braille alphabetBraille is an embossed text writing, in which each letter of the Latin alphabet has its counterpart in a form of an embossed character. Writing of any single letter or other character is based on a system of 6 embossed dots, as illustrated in Fig. 1.There are 64 possible combinations of dots and their configurations. This allows for encoding all letters of the alphabet, including characters of letters specific for a particular language, as well as all diacritical marks.

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The design and manufacture of tactile maps using an inkjet process

Cited by 21 publications

References 26 publications

An evaluation of tactile directional symbols

An evaluation of tactile directional symbols

Multiphase Micro-Drop Interaction in Inkjet Printing of 3d Structures for Tactile Maps

Experimental studies of the quality of embossed characters of the Braille alphabet

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