The design of band-gap reference circuits: trials and tribulations

HTGR Measurements and Instrumentation Systems

“…In modern, high-reliability electronics, measurement standards are becoming more commonly embedded within the electronics to provide higher measurement confidence and to extend the calibration intervals. For example, an embedded band-gaptype voltage reference circuit 25 provides a high-confidence voltage level to a measurement circuit that can periodically be automatically switched into the measurement path to recalibrate the amplifier and analogto-digital conversion circuitry. Similarly, a time (or frequency) standard can be provided either wirelessly or over the network to compensate for any drift in the measurement electronics timing.…”

Design of a programmable bandgap reference circuit

“…By canceling the negative temperature dependence of the PN junctions in one group of transistors with the positive temperature dependence from a PTAT (proportional-to-absolute-temperature) circuit which includes the other group of transistors, a fixed DC voltage which doesn't change with temperature is generated. [3] [4] There are many different implementation reported, while essentially a bandgap reference circuit consists of a supply independent biasing circuit, a diode connected BJT transistor generating a voltage with negative temperature coefficient, a PTAT circuit and some kind of feedback mechanism to improve the performance. [1].…”

High-Performance Full-Differential Op-Amp Design

“…The last reason is that the noise factor is 1.5 to 2 times less than folded structure. However, it has the disadvantage of lower output swing [3], [4].…”