The design of nature reserves: A simulation trial for assessing specific conservation value

Rapoport, Eduardo H.; Borioli, G.; Monjeau, J. A.; PUNTIERI, J; Oviedo, Ramona

doi:10.1016/0006-3207(86)90085-6

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Hengeveld and Hogeweg 1979, Hodgson 1986, Rapoport et al 1986, Bock 1987, Collins and Glenn 1990, Gaston 1990, Gaston and Lawton 1990b, Daniels et al 1991, Lahti et al 1991, Gaston 1994a. Although few have strictly done so over the areas of both partial and comprehensive analyses, a number of studies have sought to document the form of relationships between species' abundances or the sizes of species' distributions measured across two or more nested areas (e.g.…”

Section: Extent Of Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multiple Forms of the Interspecific Abundance-Distribution Relationship

Gaston¹

1996

Oikos

300

309

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Section: Extent Of Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multiple Forms of the Interspecific Abundance-Distribution Relationship

Gaston¹

1996

Oikos

300

309

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“…Therefore, it is interesting to find general rules for biodiversity, such as species richness in different regions and habitats, and other conflicting values also have to be taken into account when assessing conservation priorities (Usher, 1986;Spellerberg, 1992). Species with small populations are of great interest for conservation, since the risk of extinction is closely related to population size (see, for example Pimm et al, 1988), and threatened or rare species are less likely than common species to survive in the future without protection (Rappoport et al, 1986;Arita et al, 1990). Several comparative investigations suggest that locally rare or geographically restricted species have characteristics (for example, distribution, habitat preferences and biological characteristics such as size, reproductive strategies, dispersal abilities, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common and rare Swedish vertebrates ? distribution and habitat preferences

Berg

Tjernberg

1996

Biodivers Conserv

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Data have been compiled on the distribution, habitat preferences and population sizes of 348 vertebrates reproducing in Sweden (excluding fish) and their species richness in different habitats and regions was investigated. Furthermore, we compared the habitat preferences and distribution of rare and common vertebrates. The relative species number (corrected for area) increases from the north (the hemiarctic/boreal zone) to the south (the temperate/hemiboreal zone). The relative number of species in major habitats is highest in farmland, lakes and running waters, and possibly also in the sea. However, the absolute number of species is highest in woodland, the dominant habitat in Sweden (56% of the land area excluding sea). Within woodlands, a large proportion of species occur in southern deciduous forests, in other deciduous forests and in mixed forests, while coniferous forests are less species-rich when the habitat area is taken into account. In farmland, the most species-rich habitats are meadows and forest edges, while marshes are the most species-rich habitats amongst lakes and running waters. Nationally rare species (<1000 individuals) have a smaller European range than common species, and they also have their European distribution centres further to the south than the common species. Of the species occurring in large parts of Sweden (that is, both in the north and the south) a low proportion (4.7%) are classified as rare compared with species occurring mainly in the north (20.6% rare) or mainly in the south (31.6% rare) of Sweden. There is a positive correlation between the number of rare species and the total species number in 41 subcategory habitats, and the proportion of rare species is similar in most habitats. A more detailed analysis (including effects of both regions and habitats) suggests that the proportion of rare species in a region is a result of differences between latitudes, but also of different habitats (when corrected for latitude effects). There are differences in the proportion of rare species between the nine most species-rich orders (for example, there is a high proportion of rare species in the order Carnivora and a low proportion in the order Rodentia), but the proportion of rare species in these orders is not independent of the habitats in which they occur, making it difficult to separate the effects of habitat preferences and taxonomy on rarity. The focusing of conservation work on relatively species-rich habitats in southern and middle Sweden -such as some farmland habitats (that is, meadows and forest edges), marshes (in connection with lakes and running waters) and forests with a relatively high proportion of deciduous trees -is of high priority if the conservation of biodiversity is a main goal. These are also the habitats with a high number of rare and red-listed species.

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“…However, if we are to ensure that each species is conserved at least once, additional reserves need to be incorporated to accommodate those unconserved species (Nicholls and Margules, 1993). The current reserve system also lacks connectivity (Rapoport et al, 1986;Bedward et al, 1992) and the three larger reserves lie in a matrix of public and private land which remains undeveloped. Corridors could be established between the reserves in mostly public land at present, but increased development may change this situation in the near future.…”

Section: Discussion Scenario 1: Current Reservesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We attempt to design a system of reserves which would conserve all those plant and endemic animal species not already conserved, in a manner which takes land suitability, cost and efficiency into account (Bedward et al, 1991) and also accommodates the concept of connectivity (Rapoport et al, 1986;Bedward et al, 1992) We explore various scenarios and view them with respect to the above mentioned criteria. Particular attention is given to the inclusion of those areas where concentrations of endemic or threatened biota occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1991) or biological peculiarity (Faith, 1992: Linder andMidgley, 1994). The quality of the data often determines the process or method whereby reserves are selected (Kirkpatrick, 1983;Rapoport et al, 1986;McKenzie et uf.. 1989: Rebel0 andSiegfried, 1992). Where the data are poor, the theoretical aspects of conservation (island biogeography models and metapopulation dynamics) are often relied upon when conservation decisions need to be made Stein, 1989: Doak andMills, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reserve scenarios for the Cape Peninsula: high-, middle- and low-road options for conserving the remaining biodiversity

1996

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The Cape Peninsula, a landscape of profound scenic beauty, is also botanically exceptionally species-rich and has high concentrations of both endemic and threatened plant species. Alien invasive trees, urban expansion and growing tourism are impacting increasingly on the landscape and biota. Three reserve scenarios were modelled, the primary objective being to maximize the conservation of biodiversity in a manner which takes both cost and efficiency into account. A comprehensive plant species database, an endemic animal species database, a vegetation type database, land-tenure and land-use data were used in this process. The resolution of all databases was 1 by 1 km cells. The first scenario investigated the effectiveness of the existing reserve system in conserving the Peninsula's biodiversity. The second assessed the benefit of adding all publicly owned land to the existing reserves. In scenario three, a reserve-selection algorithm was applied to conserve those plant species outside existing reserves at least once. Where endemic animal species, and areas with high concentrations of threatened and endemic plant species were not adequately conserved, extra cells were added for their inclusion. Finally, one cell was added to cater for one inadequately conserved vegetation type. Fifty-one cells were needed to satisfy the requirements stipulated for scenario three. Analyses showed that 22% of plant species have all their records within existing reserves. Adding all public land improves the status to 43% with 97% having >50% of their records included in reserves. In scenario three, these figures are 32 and 87% respectively. In terms of animal species, four species are unconserved in scenario one, two in scenario two, and all species are conserved in scenario three. We conclude that scenarios two (including all public areas) and three (iterative selection to conserve each species once) provide practicable options for conserving the Peninsula's remaining biodiversity.

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The design of nature reserves: A simulation trial for assessing specific conservation value

Cited by 31 publications

References 31 publications

The Multiple Forms of the Interspecific Abundance-Distribution Relationship

The Multiple Forms of the Interspecific Abundance-Distribution Relationship

Common and rare Swedish vertebrates ? distribution and habitat preferences

Reserve scenarios for the Cape Peninsula: high-, middle- and low-road options for conserving the remaining biodiversity

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