The Destruction of Bacterial Spores

Russell, A. D.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-361150-5.50021-3

Cited by 109 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 413 publications

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“…Their viability at 80 o C was 94.6 % after 10 minutes and 85.7 % after one hour, showing that the spores may be desiccated in spray dryers and pelletized (10) without appreciable loss of viability. Russel (15) showed that D values increased 10 fold every 10 o C fall in temperature; therefore, it may be expected that at temperatures at which the probiotic is stored, the loss in viability shall be inexpressive (17), as it was confirmed by our observations after several months of storage (data not shown). Heat activation was detected after heating at 50 o C during 96 hours.…”

supporting

confidence: 77%

Properties of the Bacillus Cereus strain used in probiotic CenBiot

et al. 1999

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Bacillus cereus CenBiot fulfilled the requirements to be used as probiotic. The spores showed D 80 of 14 hs, inhibited Escherichia coli and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis after 24 hs in associative culture, were innocuous for suckling and adult mice and were not inhibited by antibiotics at low concentrations. Revista de Microbiologia (1999) Probiotics are "viable mono or mixed cultures of microorganisms which, applied to animal or man, beneficially affect the host by improving the properties of the indigenous flora" (10). They must promote growth, improve feed conversion and inhibit enteropathogens, without causing any undesirable effect. In addition, they must survive the stress produced during manufacturing, storage and administration at farm conditions. Key words: probiotic, Bacillus cereusThe search for new probiotic strains has increased in recent years due to the necessity to find economic and effective substitutes for antibiotics used as feed additives. Several strains of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Bacillus, Streptococcus and Escherichia coli, alone or consortiated, have been used as probiotics (8), giving controversial results. Among the various species of probiotics, those belonging to the genus Bacillus have the advantage that, due to their capacity to sporulate, they survive at ambient temperatures as well as during desiccation by methods that involve moderate heating, such as spray dryers, avoiding the use of lyophilization or other expensive technologies (10). This property also makes possible the administration of spores mixed with powdered vehicles instead of gels or liquids used with non sporulated bacteria. Although several strains of different species of Bacillus are being used for this purpose, information concerning their properties was seldom reported.Probiotic CenBiot, prepared with a strain of Bacillus cereus at Centro de Biotecnologia of Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was tested in commercial farms showing beneficial effects in the control of diarrhoea and feed conversion in pigs (21). The effects of some factors that could affect the survival of Bacillus cereus in the intestinal tract and during manufacturing, such as interaction with enteropathogens, resistance to heat and to variation of pH, are reported in this work.The strain was classified as Bacillus cereus due to its morphology, Gram staining, capacity to form 12 C. Gil-Turnes et al. thin wall spores in aerobic conditions, growth in glucose broth under anaerobic conditions, production of lecithinase and acetyl-methyl-carbinol and absence of urease (20). To obtain spore suspensions, cultures were heated at 80 o C for 15 minutes, centrifuged, and after three successive washings with ultrapure water, resuspended in ultrapure sterile water pH 7.2.To test the effect of heat, aliquots of 300µl of spore suspensions were heated in a water bath at 50 o C for 4 days, 80 o C for 60 min, 85 o C for 60 min and 90 o C for 40 min. Samples were collected every 24 hours, 10 min,...

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confidence: 77%

Properties of the Bacillus Cereus strain used in probiotic CenBiot

et al. 1999

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“…However, aspartate-O-methyltransferase appears to be absent from at least B. subtilis (63), and methionine sulfoxide reductase plays no role in spore resistance to wet heat or oxidizing agents (62). Many workers have noted that spore recovery after a killing treatment (usually wet heat) is often much greater on rich media than on poor media, and this difference has been ascribed to the need for some type of protein "repair" in order for spore outgrowth and eventual colony formation on a poor medium (168,169). Indeed, the heat shock proteins, which play a major role in the resistance of growing cells to heat stress (64a), have been suggested to play a role in spore heat resistance (174), but more recent work has indicated that this is not the case (112a; E. Melly and P. Setlow, unpublished).…”

Section: Parameters Contributing To Spore Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance ofBacillusEndospores to Extreme Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments

Nicholson

Munakata²,

Horneck

et al. 2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

1,811

1,395

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SUMMARY Endospores of Bacillus spp., especially Bacillus subtilis, have served as experimental models for exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying the incredible longevity of spores and their resistance to environmental insults. In this review we summarize the molecular laboratory model of spore resistance mechanisms and attempt to use the model as a basis for exploration of the resistance of spores to environmental extremes both on Earth and during postulated interplanetary transfer through space as a result of natural impact processes.

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“…Initially we examined the disruption of the spore's inner-membrane permeability barrier, as this can accompany spore killing by wet heat (Russell, 1982). However, analysis of decoated dormant spores killed by PON indicated that the major small molecule found in the spore core, DPA, was not released by PON treatment (Table 2).…”

Section: (96) 92 93mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies have shown that PON can kill and mutagenize growing bacteria (Brunnelli et al, 1995 ;Hurst & Lymar, 1997 ;Kuwahara et al, 2000 ;Routledge, 2000). However, no such studies have been carried out with bacterial endospores, which are generally much more resistant than growing bacteria to toxic chemicals (Russell, 1982(Russell, , 1990Bloomfield & Arthur, 1994 ;McDonnell & Russell, 1999 ;. Another reason for analysis of the effect of PON on spores is recent work showing that a major route for infection with spores of a human pathogen, Bacillus anthracis, is via uptake and subsequent germination of spores of this organism within alveolar macrophages, cells which can generate PON (Guidi-Rontani et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Killing of spores of Bacillus subtilis by peroxynitrite appears to be caused by membrane damage

et al. 2002

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During an infection of a higher eukaryote, dormant spores of a Bacillus species have been previously shown to be present in cells that can generate the toxic agent peroxynitrite (PON). Dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis were much more resistant to killing by PON than were growing cells, and spore-coat alteration or removal greatly decreased PON resistance. Spores were not killed by PON through DNA damage and lost no dipicolinic acid (DPA) during PON treatment. However, PON-killed spores lost DPA during subsequent heat treatments that caused much less DPA release from untreated spores. Although dead, the PONkilled spores germinated and initiated metabolism but never went through outgrowth ; the great majority of germinated PON-killed spores also took up propidium iodide, indicating that they had suffered significant membrane damage and were dead. Together these data suggest that spore killing by PON is through some type of damage to the spore's inner membrane.

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The Destruction of Bacterial Spores

Cited by 109 publications

References 413 publications

Properties of the Bacillus Cereus strain used in probiotic CenBiot

Properties of the Bacillus Cereus strain used in probiotic CenBiot

Resistance ofBacillusEndospores to Extreme Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments

Killing of spores of Bacillus subtilis by peroxynitrite appears to be caused by membrane damage

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