The Detection of 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;sn&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;-glycero-3-phosphoethanol and Ethyl Glucuronide in Human Umbilical Cord

Jones, Joseph; Jones, Megan; Plate, Charles; Lewis, Douglas

doi:10.4236/ajac.2012.312106

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Clean Screen EtG columns (United Chemical Technologies, Bristol, PA) [34, 35] failed to retain EtS under all tested acidic loading conditions (10 % hydrochloric acid, trifluroacetic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid). An anion exchange approach [25, 37, 38], offered efficient sample clean-up and sufficient EtS extraction efficiency (Table 4), obtaining a low 2.5 ng/g LOQ. Lower EtS extraction efficiency compared to EtG was most likely due to strong sulfate group retention on the quaternary amine SPE phase [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a novel method to identify in utero ethanol exposure: simultaneous meconium extraction of fatty acid ethyl esters, ethyl glucuronide, and ethyl sulfate followed by LC-MS/MS quantification

et al. 2014

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Presence of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), ethyl glucuronide (EtG), and ethyl sulfate (EtS) in meconium, the first neonatal feces, identifies maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Current meconium alcohol marker assays require separate analyses for FAEE and EtG/EtS. We describe development and validation of the first quantitative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for 9 FAEEs, EtG, and EtS in 100 mg meconium. For the first time, these alcohol markers are analyzed in the same meconium aliquot, enabling comparison of the efficiency of gestational ethanol exposure detection. 100 mg meconium was homogenized in methanol and centrifuged. The supernatant was divided, and applied to two different solid phase extraction columns for optimized analyte recovery. Limits of quantification for ethyl laurate, myristate, linolenate, palmitoleate, arachidonate, linoleate, palmitate, oleate, and stearate ranged from 25–50 ng/g, with calibration curves to 2,500–5,000 ng/g. EtG and EtS linear dynamic ranges were 5–1,000 and 2.5–500 ng/g, respectively. Mean bias and between-day imprecision were <15 %. Extraction efficiencies were 51.2–96.5 %. Matrix effects ranged from −84.7 to 16.0 %, but were compensated for by matched deuterated internal standards when available. All analytes were stable (within ±20 % change from baseline) in 3 authentic positive specimens, analyzed in triplicate, after 3 freeze/thaw cycles (−20 °C). Authentic EtG and EtS also were stable after 12 h at room temperature and 72 h at 4 °C; some FAEE showed instability under these conditions, although there was large inter-subject variability. This novel method accurately detects multiple alcohol meconium markers and enables comparison of markers for maternal alcohol consumption.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a novel method to identify in utero ethanol exposure: simultaneous meconium extraction of fatty acid ethyl esters, ethyl glucuronide, and ethyl sulfate followed by LC-MS/MS quantification

et al. 2014

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“…DBS was stored at room temperature in a bloodspot drying box prior to shipment. Specimens were analyzed at United States Drug Testing Laboratories using a previously published method (Jones et al, 2012). The method monitored a single isomer of PEth (palmitoyl/oleoyl), which is a phospholipid containing 16:0 and 18:1 fatty acids and is the most prevalent PEth homologue in human blood (Faller et al, 2013).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cut-Point Levels of Phosphatidylethanol to Identify Alcohol Misuse in a Mixed Cohort Including Critically Ill Patients

Afshar

Burnham

Joyce

et al. 2017

Alcohol Clin Exp Res

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Background Although alcohol misuse is associated with deleterious outcomes in critically ill patients, its detection by either self-report or examination of biomarkers is difficult to obtain consistently. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is a direct alcohol biomarker that can characterize alcohol consumption patterns; however, its diagnostic accuracy in identifying misuse in critically ill patients is unknown. Methods PEth values were obtained in a mixed cohort comprised of 122 individuals from medical and burn intensive care units (n=33), alcohol detoxification unit (n=51), and healthy volunteers (n=38). Any alcohol misuse and severe misuse were referenced by AUDIT and AUDIT-C scores separately. Mixed effects logistic regression analysis was performed and the discrimination of PEth was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results The area under the ROC curve for PEth was 0.927 (95% CI: 0.877, 0.977) for any misuse and 0.906 (95% CI: 0.850, 0.962) for severe misuse defined by AUDIT. By AUDIT-C, the area under the ROC curves were 0.948 (95% CI: 0.910, 0.956) for any misuse and 0.913 (95% CI: 0.856, 0.971) for severe misuse. The PEth cut-points of ≥ 250 ng/mL and ≥ 400 ng/mL provided optimal discrimination for any misuse and severe misuse, respectively. The positive predictive value for ≥ 250 ng/mL was 88.7% (95% CI: 77.5%, 95.0%) and negative predictive value was 86.7% (95% CI: 74.9%, 93.7%). PEth ≥ 400 ng/mL achieved similar values and similar results were shown for AUDIT-C. In a subgroup analysis of critically ill patients only, test characteristics were similar to the mixed cohort. Conclusions PEth is a strong predictor and has good discrimination for any and severe alcohol misuse in a mixed cohort that includes critically ill patients. Cut-points at 250 ng/mL for any, and 400 ng/mL for severe, are favorable. External validation will be required to establish these cut-points in critically ill patients.

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“…The DBS papers were shipped to the U.S. for PEth testing. PEth detection on the DBS samples was conducted by United States Drug Testing Laboratories (USDTL; Des Plaines, IL, US) using a previously published method (Jones et al, 2011), using LC-MS/MS. The most prevalent PEth homolog (16:0/18:1) was measured.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A handful of studies have compared PEth results to self-reported alcohol use in diverse populations with varying results (Stewart et al, 2010; Bajunirwe et al, 2014; Jain et al, 2014; Francis et al, 2015). PEth can conveniently be tested from dried blood spots (DBS; Jones et al, 2011) and may be useful to corroborate or supplement results on unhealthy alcohol consumption obtained by self-report from FSW and their male clients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High prevalence of unhealthy alcohol use and comparison of self-reported alcohol consumption to phosphatidylethanol among women engaged in sex work and their male clients in Cambodia

Couture

Page

Sansothy

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background In Cambodia, most of the female sex workers (FSW) work in venues where unhealthy alcohol use is ubiquitous and potentially contributing to the HIV epidemic. However, no accurate data exists. We compare self-reported unhealthy alcohol consumption to a biomarker of alcohol intake in Cambodian FSW and male clients, and determine factors associated with unhealthy alcohol use. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among FSW (n=100) and male clients (n=100) in entertainment and sex work venues in Cambodia. Self-reported unhealthy alcohol use (AUDIT-C) was compared to phosphatidylethanol (PEth) positive (≥50ng/ml), a biomarker of alcohol intake. Sociodemographics data was collected. Correlates of self-reported unhealthy alcohol use and PEth positive were determined. Results The prevalence of PEth positive in FSW was 60.0%. Self-reported unhealthy alcohol consumption was reported by 85.0% of the women. Almost all women (95.0%) testing PEth positive also reported unhealthy alcohol use. Prevalence of unhealthy alcohol consumption (self-report and PEth positive) was higher in FSW working in entertainment establishments compared to other sex work venues (p<0.01). Among male clients, 47.0% reported unhealthy alcohol consumption and 42.0% had a PEth positive. However, only 57.1% of male clients with PEth positive reported unhealthy alcohol use. Conclusions Unhealthy alcohol consumption is prevalent in Cambodian sex work settings. Self-reported unhealthy alcohol use is well reported by FSW, but less by male clients. These findings highlight the urgency of using accurate measures of unhealthy alcohol consumption and integrating this health issue into HIV prevention interventions.

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The Detection of 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphoethanol and Ethyl Glucuronide in Human Umbilical Cord

Cited by 16 publications

References 51 publications

Validation of a novel method to identify in utero ethanol exposure: simultaneous meconium extraction of fatty acid ethyl esters, ethyl glucuronide, and ethyl sulfate followed by LC-MS/MS quantification

Validation of a novel method to identify in utero ethanol exposure: simultaneous meconium extraction of fatty acid ethyl esters, ethyl glucuronide, and ethyl sulfate followed by LC-MS/MS quantification

Cut-Point Levels of Phosphatidylethanol to Identify Alcohol Misuse in a Mixed Cohort Including Critically Ill Patients

High prevalence of unhealthy alcohol use and comparison of self-reported alcohol consumption to phosphatidylethanol among women engaged in sex work and their male clients in Cambodia

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