The Detection of 27 Fentanyl Compounds in Solid and Liquid Drugs Based on Differential Raman Spectroscopy

Wang, Yufeng; Sheng, Wanli; Liu, Xiang; Guo, Jiajuan; Zhang, Xun; Qi, Xiaohua; Zou, Mingqiang; Wang, Cong

doi:10.3390/chemosensors11110561

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Compared to a standard desktop Raman spectroscopy method, the portable technique demonstrated higher sensitivity and selectivity for fentanyl detection. The results of this study show that differential Raman spectroscopy can be used at the point-of-care for accurate detection and practical screening of fentanyl [125].…”

Section: Raman Spectroscopy: Clinical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors, and Optical Sensors for the Detection of Opioids and Their Analogs: Pharmaceutical, Clinical, and Forensic Applications

Fakayode,

Brady,

Grant

et al. 2024

Chemosensors

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Pharmaceutical opioids are intravenously or orally administered analgesics. While they are effective in relieving chronic and acute pain, their narrow window of therapeutic use contributes to the high occurrence of abuse. The associated abuse of this family of drugs can be correlated to the increase in dependency, overdose, and death of users. The negative effects of opioids extend beyond the physical and psychological effects experienced by the user to their unregulated synthesis and sale, which contribute to socioeconomic challenges and are a biproduct of this global public health epidemic. From clinical to point-of-care applications, the detection and real-time monitoring of this family of drug is critical in the fight to decrease abuse and improve use in clinical settings. Chromatographic separations and chromatography–mass spectrometry are traditional methods of opioid analyses, but the high cost, long analysis time, and absence of portability highlight the need for the development of fast, in situ, point-of-care analysis, or of community drug monitoring services. This review highlights recent electrochemical and optical (FTIR, Raman, colorimetric, and fluorescent) advances and biosensors for pharmaceutical and illicit opioid analysis. Specifically, an emphasis is placed on the detection of opioids and their metabolites in biological samples and in vitro cellular assays for clinical diagnosis and forensic applications. The challenges and prospects of the role of electrochemical sensors, biosensors, and optical sensors for opioid analysis in promoting clinical diagnosis, forensic study, point-of-care, and community drug monitoring services to reduce harm are also provided.

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Section: Raman Spectroscopy: Clinical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Wang et al [125] synthesized silver nanoparticles as substrates for the detection of fentanyl in 27 different sample types using SERS [125]. The samples were analyzed by handheld SERS system, and it was determined that the limit of fentanyl detection using this technique is 0.1-25 ppb.…”

Section: Raman Spectroscopy: Clinical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors, and Optical Sensors for the Detection of Opioids and Their Analogs: Pharmaceutical, Clinical, and Forensic Applications

Fakayode,

Brady,

Grant

et al. 2024

Chemosensors

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Differentiating Structurally Similar Fentanyl Analogs by Comparing Density Functional Theory (DFT) Calculations and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Results

Dogruer Erkok,

Hernandez,

Cruz

et al. 2024

Appl Spectrosc

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Fentanyl and fentanyl analogs are the main cause of recent overdose deaths in the United States. The presence of fentanyl analogs in illicit drugs makes it difficult to estimate their potencies. This makes the detection and differentiation of fentanyl analogs critically significant. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can differentiate structurally similar fentanyl analogs by yielding spectroscopic fingerprints for the detected molecules. In previous years, five fentanyl analogs, carfentanil, furanyl fentanyl, acetyl fentanyl, 4-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl (4-FIBF), and cyclopropyl fentanyl (CPrF), gained popularity and were found in 76.4% of the fentanyl analogs trafficked. In this study, we focused on 4-FIBF, CPrF, and structurally similar fentanyl analogs. We developed methods to differentiate these fentanyl analogs using theoretical and experimental methods. To do this, a set of fentanyl analogs were examined using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The DFT results obtained in this project permitted the assignment of spectral bands. These results were then compared with normal Raman and SERS techniques. Structurally similar fentanyl analogs show important differences in their spectra, and they have been visually differentiated from each other both theoretically and experimentally. Additional results using principal component analysis and soft independent modeling of class analogy show they can be distinguished using this technique. The limit of detection values for FIBF and CPrF were determined to be 0.35 ng/mL and 4.4 ng/mL, respectively, using SERS. Experimental results obtained in this project can be readily implemented in field applications and smaller laboratories, where inexpensive portable Raman spectrometers are often present and used in drug analysis.

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The Detection of 27 Fentanyl Compounds in Solid and Liquid Drugs Based on Differential Raman Spectroscopy

Cited by 2 publications

References 23 publications

Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors, and Optical Sensors for the Detection of Opioids and Their Analogs: Pharmaceutical, Clinical, and Forensic Applications

Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors, and Optical Sensors for the Detection of Opioids and Their Analogs: Pharmaceutical, Clinical, and Forensic Applications

Differentiating Structurally Similar Fentanyl Analogs by Comparing Density Functional Theory (DFT) Calculations and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Results

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