The detection of doping by means of chromatographic methods

Abstract

This article was first published in German inDoping has become an issue in elite sport and necessitates sensitive detection assays that enable the identification of organic compounds on a microscale level in urine. In agreement with modern toxicological methods, sports drug testing approaches can utilize paper, thin layer or gas chromatographic methods to reveal the presence of prohibited substances such as strychnine, pervitine, captagone, benzedrine etc. in doping control specimens. Basic principles of these strategies are summarized and considerations for future applications discussed.

Specificity and selectivity improvement in doping analysis using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry

“…[1][2][3] The GC/MS approach was firstly introduced in the 70's, opening the possibility of the implementation of very sensitive methods with a embracing perspective. [4][5][6] Currently, GC/MS after derivatization and selective ion monitoring (SIM) acquisition are necessary to reach suitable detectability for anabolic steroids in routine analysis. [7][8][9][10][11][12] This classical procedure also allows the detection of other classes of substances such as narcotics, cannabinoids, b-agonists, etc.…”

Comprehensive 2‐dimensional gas chromatography fast quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC × GC‐qMS) for urinary steroid profiling: Mass spectral characteristics with chemical ionization

“…The development of GC‐(EI)‐MS showed steady progress over these years resulting in the inexpensive and robust bench‐top systems in use today. However, GC‐(EI)‐MS analysis of complex mixtures of steroids extracted from urine is limited by separation efficiency and production of ions characteristic of the molecular weight . Alternatively, GC coupled to tandem MS (GC‐MS/MS) has improved detection limits and used for compound identification in steroid analysis in recent years, but still requires targeted analysis …”

“…However, GC-(EI)-MS analysis of complex mixtures of steroids extracted from urine is limited by separation efficiency and production of ions characteristic of the molecular weight. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Alternatively, GC coupled to tandem MS (GC-MS/MS) has improved detection limits and used for compound identification in steroid analysis in recent years, but still requires targeted analysis. [10][11][12][13] The development of comprehensive 2-dimensional GC (GC Â GC), coupled to either a time of flight MS (TOF-MS) or a fast scanning quadrupole MS (qMS) has greatly increased the peak capacity and separation space to improve analysis of complex samples.…”

30th Cologne workshop on dope analysis (Manfred Donike workshop)

“…Manfred Donike studied chemistry at the University of Cologne and finished his doctoral thesis in 1965. Already by 1966 he had published the first article regarding dope analysis focusing on gas chromatographic separation techniques . In 1972 he was responsible for sports drug tests at the Olympic Games in Munich, applying for the first time, a gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric approach at an Olympic event.…”