The determinant factors of undulatory underwater swimming performance: A systematic review

Ruiz-Navarro, Jesús J.; Cuenca-Fernández, Francisco; Sanders, Ross; Arellano, Raúl

doi:10.1080/02640414.2022.2061259

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Past research has already established the significance of tailored strength and conditioning programs on land to enhance the push-off from the pool wall and gain a competitive advantage [ 24 ]. Moreover, mastering undulating kicking is a crucial skill for preserving maximum velocity from the push-off during the underwater phase [ 25 ]. Coaches and athletes can leverage this knowledge to refine training strategies and technique development, ultimately paving the way for enhanced performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streamlining performance prediction: data-driven KPIs in all swimming strokes

Staunton,

Romann,

Björklund

et al. 2024

BMC Res Notes

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Objective This study aimed to identify Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for men’s swimming strokes using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Regression Analysis to enhance training strategies and performance optimization. The analyses included all men’s individual 100 m races of the 2019 European Short-Course Swimming Championships. Results Duration from 5 m prior to wall contact (In5) emerged as a consistent KPI for all strokes. Free Swimming Speed (FSS) was identified as a KPI for 'continuous' strokes (Breaststroke and Butterfly), while duration from wall contact to 10 m after (Out10) was a crucial KPI for strokes with touch turns (Breaststroke and Butterfly). The regression model accurately predicted swim times, demonstrating strong agreement with actual performance. Bland and Altman analyses revealed negligible mean biases: Backstroke (0% bias, LOAs − 2.3% to + 2.3%), Breaststroke (0% bias, LOAs − 0.9% to + 0.9%), Butterfly (0% bias, LOAs − 1.2% to + 1.2%), and Freestyle (0% bias, LOAs − 3.1% to + 3.1%). This study emphasizes the importance of swift turning and maintaining consistent speed, offering valuable insights for coaches and athletes to optimize training and set performance goals. The regression model and predictor tool provide a data-driven approach to enhance swim training and competition across different strokes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streamlining performance prediction: data-driven KPIs in all swimming strokes

Staunton,

Romann,

Björklund

et al. 2024

BMC Res Notes

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“… Faelli et al (2021) showed that not breathing during the last stroke into the wall allowed swimmers to maintain speed while approaching the wall, to start the rotation farther from the wall, and to rotate faster. Velocity is greater after pushing from the wall compared with swimming speed and so when velocity decreases to swimming speed, swimming is resumed ( Ruiz-Navarro et al, 2022 ; West et al, 2022 ; Veiga et al, 2023 ). A good post-turn underwater phase begins with an effective push off from the wall followed by the maintenance of good streamlining while gliding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After that, they should hold their breath during the rotations around the transverse and frontal axes, the glide, and the undulating underwater swim until the swim-out. For efficient performance, they try to optimize the duration, depth and body position during the glide, start the undulating underwater swim at the right time, perform it in the optimal body position with optimal frequency and amplitude of kicking and swim-out at the right time ( Ruiz-Navarro et al, 2022 ; West et al, 2022 ; Veiga et al, 2023 ). This could be accomplished more easily if they can take a deep breath before the tumble turn and hold it throughout the underwater post-turn phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inspiratory muscle fatigue at the swimming tumble turns: its occurrence and effects on kinematic parameters of the turns

Moravec¹,

Lomax

Ušaj

et al. 2023

Front. Physiol.

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Introduction: The present study had two objectives: 1) to investigate the effects of tumble turns on the development of inspiratory muscle fatigue (IMF) and compare this to whole swimming, and 2) to evaluate the effects of pre-induced IMF on the kinematic parameters of tumble turns. Fourteen young club-level swimmers (13 ± 2 years of ages) completed three swim trials.Methods: The first trial was used to determine the 400-m front crawl swim time at maximal effort (400FC). The other two trials consisted of a series of 15 tumble turns at the 400FC pace. In one of the turn-only trials, IMF was pre-induced (TURNS-IMF), whereas in the other turn-only trial it was not (TURNS-C).Results: Compared with baseline values, the values for maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax) at the end of the swim were significantly lower at all trials. However, the magnitude of inspiratory muscle fatigue was less after TURNS-C (PImax decreased by 12%) than after 400FC (PImax decreased by 28%). The tumble turns were slower during 400FC than during TURNS-C and TURNS-IMF. In addition, compared to TURNS-C, turns in the TURNS-IMF were performed with higher rotation times and shorter apnea and swim-out times.Discussion: The results of the present study suggest that tumble turns put a strain on the inspiratory muscles and directly contribute to the IMF observed during 400FC swimming. Furthermore, pre-induced IMF resulted in significantly shorter apneas and slower rotations during tumble turns. IMF therefore has the potential to negatively affect overall swimming performance, and strategies should be sought to reduce its effects.

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“…This is a tool specifically designed to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies. It gathers eight items related to sample characteristics, methods and outcomes [37,38]. The possible answers to each question were 'yes', 'no' or 'not applicable', and studies were considered as high (≥0.75) or low (<0.75) quality when the final score was obtained [39].…”

Section: Quality Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Wetsuit Use on Swimming Performance, Physiology and Biomechanics: A Systematic Review

Gay

Ruiz-Navarro²,

Cuenca-Fernández³

et al. 2022

Physiologia

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This systematic review aims to summarize the effects of wearing different types of wetsuits and swimsuits in front crawl swimming performance and physiological- and biomechanical-related variables. The Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming databases were searched from inception to 25th March 2022. From the 1398 studies initially found, 26 studies were included in the review. The quality assessment and inter-rater reliability between researchers were conducted. The full body was the most studied wetsuit, with its use allowing 3.2–12.9% velocity increments in distances ranging from 25 to 1500 m, in incremental tests, in 5 and 30 min continuous swimming and in open water events. The sleeveless long vs. the full-body wetsuit led to a 400–800 m performance enhancement. Higher stroke rate, stroke length and stroke index were observed while using three different covered body part wetsuits vs. a regular swimsuit, with a lower energy cost being observed when swimming with the full-body wetsuit compared to a swimsuit. These findings provide useful information for coaches, swimmers and triathletes about the full-body and sleeveless long/short wetsuit use, since these three wetsuits allow improving swimming performance in different distances in diverse aquatic environments.

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The determinant factors of undulatory underwater swimming performance: A systematic review

Cited by 15 publications

References 36 publications

Streamlining performance prediction: data-driven KPIs in all swimming strokes

Streamlining performance prediction: data-driven KPIs in all swimming strokes

Inspiratory muscle fatigue at the swimming tumble turns: its occurrence and effects on kinematic parameters of the turns

The Impact of Wetsuit Use on Swimming Performance, Physiology and Biomechanics: A Systematic Review

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