The Determinants of Early Refractive Error on School-Going Chinese Children

Jayaraman, K.; Iranmanesh, Mohammad; Liang, Chuan Chin; Iranmanesh, Mahboobeh

doi:10.1177/2158244016644945

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The prevalence of refractive error differs significantly between boys and girls of different ethnicities. In a cross-sectional study involving 168 10 -12-year-old Chinese school children in Malaysia by Jayaraman et al, refractive error was higher among girls (73.6%) than among boys (58.4%) [33]. Other studies revealed a significant difference in the presence of refractive errors between the two sexes among school children [15][16][17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Prevalence of refractive errors among school children in Wangsa Maju, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Ismail¹,

Sukumaran²

2022

Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Optom

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Background: Uncorrected refractive error is the most common cause of vision impairment and the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Its prevalence differs among and within countries. This study was aimed at exploring the pattern and prevalence of refractive error among school children in the Wangsa Maju Township, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: A stratified, multistage, cluster random sampling in a geographically defined area was employed, and 245 school children, aged 8–12 years, from two primary schools in Wangsa Maju Township, Kuala Lumpur, were recruited. The cross-sectional study employed interviewing, measuring uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA) using the Snellen chart, cycloplegic refraction under a streak retinoscope refined subjectively, and a detailed slit-lamp examination to assess the anterior and posterior segments. Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism were defined as spherical equivalent (SE) greater than or equal to - 0.50, SE greater than or equal to + 2.00, and cylindrical greater than or equal to 0.75 D, respectively. Reduced UCDVA was defined as an unaided visual acuity < 6/9. Results: The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants was 10.42 (1.22) years. The overall prevalence of refractive error was 47.8%. Of 245 screened school children, including 42 (35.9%) boys and 75 (64.1%) girls, 117 had refractive error, with a prevalence of refractive error of 17.1% and 30.6% in boys and girls, respectively. Myopia was the most common type (30.2%), followed by astigmatism (16.3%) and hyperopia (1.2%). The prevalence of reduced UCDVA was 36.3% among the screened school children, attributable to refractive error with a significantly high positive correlation (r = +.721; P < 0.01). Among those with refractive errors, sex differences in the magnitude of refractive errors were not statistically significant in the three types of refractive errors (all P > 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of refractive error among primary school children in Wangsa Maju Township, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia was 47.8%; girls outnumbered boys, but the magnitude of refractive errors showed no sex differences. The prevalence of reduced UCDVA was 36.3%, attributable to refractive error. Irrespective of sex, myopia had the highest prevalence compared to other refractive errors, and its prevalence increased with age. Future population-based studies are required to address the limitations concerning environmental risk factors for refractive error and the impact of ethnic or familial backgrounds on their prevalence in a similar but larger population using the same protocol.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Prevalence of refractive errors among school children in Wangsa Maju, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Ismail¹,

Sukumaran²

2022

Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Optom

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although this study found refractive error in 36 males and 20 females with a p value of 0.5, the difference between age and genders was not statistically significant. However, a study reported that overall prevalence of refractive errors among school children was higher among girls than boys (73.1% vs. 55.6%, P=0.001), but there is no significant difference in different age groups (P= 0.790) [9,10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Frequency of Refractive Errors in Squinting Eyes of Children from 4 to 16 Years Presenting at Tertiary Care Hospital

Nawaz¹

2021

IJOVS

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Purpose: To determine the frequency of refractive errors in squinting eyes of children from 4 to 16 years presenting at tertiary care hospital. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional prospective study was done. Place and Duration: The study was conducted in Paedriatic Ophthalmology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. The duration of the study was 15 th Sep to 15 th Oct, 2021. Materials and Methods: Sample size was 146 keeping 41.45% proportion of refractive errors in children with squinting eyes, 95% confidence interval and 8% margin of error under WHO sample size calculations. Non-probability consecutive sampling was done. Result: Mean age was 8.57±2.66 years. Male were 89 (61.0%) and female were 57 (39.0%).Refractive error was present in 56 (38.4%), including 9 myopic, 32 hyperrmetropic, and 15 astigmatic children, and was absent in 90 (61.6%) patients. 57 positive parent refractive error patients, 21 (36.8%) showed refractive errors. However, In 89 patients without parent refractive errors, 35 (39.3%) showed refractive errors, p value 0.763. Early use of electric equipment against the refractive error showed that of total 56 patients with early use of electric equipment, 24 (42.9%) showed refractive errors. In 90 patient without the early use of electric equipment, 32 (35.6%) showed refractive errors There was no association of gender, age, parent refractive errors or early usage of electric equipment with the refractive errors. Conclusion: Prevalence of refractive errors is high in patient with strabismus. There is no association of age, gender, parent refractive errors or early usage of electric equipment in the occurrence of refractive errors. Further studies are recommended for confirmation of these.

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“…Astigmatism is the commonest type of refractive errors, affecting 14.9% of children worldwide [1] . Previous Malaysian studies have reported varying prevalence rates of astigmatism in children, ranging from 0.6-21.3% [2][3][4][5] . The SEGPAEDS study conducted among preschool children found that astigmatism was the most prevalent type of refractive error (84%) [6] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progression of astigmatism and myopia in children after school lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic

Teoh,

Ng,

Rosland

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic was found to increase the prevalence of astigmatism and myopia among schoolchildren. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the school lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic on the changes in astigmatism and myopia in children with pre-existing astigmatism. A total of 247 children aged 5-17 years with refractive astigmatism who had been followed up in a pediatric ophthalmology clinic were included in this single-center study. Changes in refractive astigmatism and myopia before and after a year of school lockdown were recorded. A questionnaire focusing on demographic data, digital screen time, daytime outdoor activities duration, daily online classes duration, type of digital devices used, and type of light source used during screen time was administered. The median age of participants was 9.0 years (5, 17). The median cylindrical power and spherical equivalence of the children worsened after school lockdown (p=.011 and p= <.001 respectively). Subgroup analysis by age found that astigmatic progression was significant in primary school children (7-12 years old), while myopic progression was significant in primary and secondary school children (13-17 years old). There was a positive correlation between astigmatism and myopia progression (r (166) = .23, p = .003). During the lockdown, digital screen time and daily online classes duration increased while daily outdoor activities duration reduced. There were accelerated astigmatic and myopic progressions in children after the school lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Further studies are required to investigate the underlying etiology of the changes in refractive errors in school-going children post school lockdown.

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The Determinants of Early Refractive Error on School-Going Chinese Children

Cited by 5 publications

References 30 publications

Prevalence of refractive errors among school children in Wangsa Maju, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Prevalence of refractive errors among school children in Wangsa Maju, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Frequency of Refractive Errors in Squinting Eyes of Children from 4 to 16 Years Presenting at Tertiary Care Hospital

Progression of astigmatism and myopia in children after school lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic

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