“…or to avoid undesirable events (e.g., disappointing parents or family members, avoiding criticism, etc.). Research indicates that high intrinsic motivation is related to a deeper approach to learning (Ames & Archer, 1988;Jdaitawi et al, 2020), higher self-esteem (Deci & Ryan, 1985) and lower self-perceived stress (Baker, 2004). Students when they are intrinsically motivated are less likely to procrastinate, are confident and in control of their academic tasks, use self-initiated exploratory strategies and are likely to display autonomy (Pintrich et al, 1991;Seifert & O"Keefe, 2001;Senecal et al, 1995).…”