The Determinants of Lifelong Learning in Europe

Abstract

The article affords the question of lifelong learning in Europe using data from the European Innovation Scoreboard-EIS in the period 2010-2019 for 36 countries. The econometric analysis is realized using WLS, Dynamic Panel, Pooled OLS, Panel Data with Fixed Effects and Random Effects. The results show that lifelong learning is, among other variables, positively associated to “Human Resources” and “Government procurement of advanced technology products” and is negatively associated, among others, to “Average annual GDP growth” and “Innovation Index”. A clusterization is realized using the k-Means algorithm with a confrontation between the Elbow Method and the Silhouette Coefficient. Subsequently, a Network Analysis was applied with the distance of Manhattan. The results show the presence of 4 complex and 2 simplified network structures. Finally, a comparison was made among eight machine learning algorithms for the prediction of the value of lifelong learning. The results show that the linear regression is the best predictor algorithm and that the level of lifelong learning is expected to growth on average by 1.12%.

The Impact of Research and Development Expenditures on Esg Model in the Global Economy

“…There is a positive relationship between the attractiveness of research systems and the level of human capital in Europe . Private co-founding of public RDE has a negative impact on lifelong learning in European countries (Costantiello et al, 2022) The attractiveness of research systems improves the level of international scientific co-publication in Europe . RDE either in the public sector either in the private one is positively associated to the improvement of human capital in 36 European countries in the period 2000-2019 .…”

“…RDE in the Public Sector Leogrande et al, 2023;Laureti et al, 2022;Leogrande et al, 2021. RDE andHuman Capital Leogrande et al, 2020;Costantiello et al, 2022;Costantiello, 2021. RDE andFinance Laureti et al, 2020;Anidebe et al, 2021.…”

The Impact of Research and Development Expenditures on ESG Model in the Global Economy

“…There is a positive relationship between the attractiveness of research systems and the level of human capital in Europe [37]. Private co-founding of public RDE has a negative impact on lifelong learning in European countries [38]. The attractiveness of research systems improves the level of international scientific co-publication in Europe [39].…”

“…[21] , [22], [23], [24] , [25] RDE and Economic Growth [34], [35] RDE in the Public Sector [17] , [18], [19] , [20] RDE and Human Capital [37] , [38], [39], [40]…”

The Determinants of Lifelong Learning in Europe

“…In fact, Lifelong Learning acquires greater value in the presence of an orientation towards digitization. The spread of Lifelong Learning can also provoke a greater investment of companies in research and development activities (Costantiello et al, 2021b). In fact, the development of the knowledge economy, the presence of qualified human capital can also mobilize private investments.…”