The determinants of prevalence of health complaints among young competitive swimmers

Lévesque, Benoît; Duchesne, Jean-François; Gingras, Suzanne; Lavoie, R; Prud’homme, Denis; Bernard, Emmanuelle; Boulet, Louis‐Philippe; Ernst, Pierre

doi:10.1007/s00420-006-0100-0

Cited by 69 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…2 In keeping with this hypothesis, Lévesque et al 46 found that younger swimmers have the highest level of exposure to chloramines in both the air and the water. In their study, the swimmers most exposed to chloramines revealed significantly more upper and lower respiratory symptoms.…”

Section: The Issue Of Baby Swimmingmentioning

confidence: 86%

Swimming pool, respiratory health, and childhood asthma: Should we change our beliefs?

Uyan

Carraro

Piacentini

et al. 2008

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Summary. Swimming is often recommended as a sport because of its several benefits to health. It is also recommended in asthmatic children as a sport with a lower potential for prompting exercise-induced asthma. However, there is growing interest in the potentially harmful effects of repeated respiratory tract exposure to chlorinated products and the problem of possible swimmingrelated health hazards is gaining importance at international level. It is already known that acute exposure to chlorine gas as in swimming pool accidents causes lung damage and also that elite swimmers may have increased airway inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity, probably as a result of repeated exposure to chlorine derivatives. Recently some studies have been conducted to investigate whether repeated exposure to chlorine by-products in recreational swimmers might also lead to lung damage. In addition, some studies have been lately published on the even more debated issue of the possible harmful effects of baby swimming on respiratory health. This article reviews and discusses data from the literature on the effects of chlorine derivatives in different categories of people routinely attending swimming pools. The need for longitudinal studies is emphasized to definitely clarify any role of chlorinated swimming pool attendance in the development of asthma in recreational swimmers.

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Section: The Issue Of Baby Swimmingmentioning

confidence: 86%

Swimming pool, respiratory health, and childhood asthma: Should we change our beliefs?

Uyan

Carraro

Piacentini

et al. 2008

Pediatric Pulmonology

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show abstract

“…It is also predicted that crowded modern adventure bath with waterfalls, water slides and bubble pools could generate higher trichloramine levels in the air (Hery et al 1995;Richardson et al 2010). There are still gaps in the knowledge about the health effects of trichloramine, but many studies suggests it as the most important cause for airway symptoms among employees and visitors (Massin et al 1998;Jacobs et al 2007; Levesque et al 2006). In addition, trichloramine induced occupational asthma has been reported (Thickett et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airway irritation among indoor swimming pool personnel: trichloramine exposure, exhaled NO and protein profiling of nasal lavage fluids

Fornander

Ghafouri

Lindahl

et al. 2012

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Purpose Occurrence of airway irritation among indoor swimming pool personnel was investigated.The aim was to assess trichloramine exposure levels and exhaled nitric oxide in relation to the prevalence of airway symptoms in swimming pool facilities and to determine protein effects in the upper respiratory tract. MethodsThe presence of airway symptoms related to work were examined in 146 individuals working at 46 indoor swimming pool facilities. Levels of trichloramine, as well as exhaled nitric oxide, were measured in five facilities with high prevalence of airway irritation and four facilities with no airway irritation among the personnel. Nasal lavage fluid was collected and protein profiles were determined by a proteomic approach.Results 17 % of the swimming pool personnel reported airway symptoms related to work. The levels of trichloramine in the swimming pool facilities ranged from 0.04-0.36 mg/m 3 . There were no covariance between trichloramine levels, exhaled nitric oxide and prevalence of airway symptoms.Protein profiling of the nasal lavage fluid showed that, alpha-1-antitrypsin and lactoferrin, were significantly higher, and S100-A8 was significantly lower in swimming pool personnel.Conclusions This study confirms the occurrence of airway irritation among indoor swimming pool personnel. Our results indicate altered levels of innate immunity proteins in the upper airways that may pose as potential biomarkers. However, swimming pool facilities with high prevalence of airway irritation could not be explained by higher trichloramine exposure levels. Further studies are needed to clarify the environmental factors in indoor swimming pools that cause airway problems and affect the immune system.

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“…All these water disinfection systems have appeared in recent decades as a counterpoint to chlorination but they have not managed to take over. This could be explained by three main reasons 1) chlorine's great disinfecting efficiency, 2) the great optimisation and cheap price of chlorination systems, with almost a century worth of research and development, and 3) the lack of knowledge and/or the uncertainty of using new systems [55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this respect, Levesque et al [55] compared the prevalence of health problems in young swimmers and footballers and observed that the presence of respiratory symptoms as coughing, sore throat, sore eyes and outer ear otitis was greater in swimmers than in indoor soccer players. They concluded that the incidence of these symptoms could potentially be reduced by limiting exposure to chlorination by-products.…”

Section: Effects On Competition Swimmers Technical Staff and Operatomentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential negative effects of chlorinated swimming pool attendance on health of swimmers and associated staff

Zarzoso¹,

Llana²,

Pérez-Soriano³

2010

Biol Sport

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The determinants of prevalence of health complaints among young competitive swimmers

Abstract: Swimmers exposed to chlorination by-products in both the water and air of indoor swimming pools experience frequent respiratory symptoms that could potentially be reduced by limiting exposure to these products.

Cited by 69 publications

References 26 publications

Swimming pool, respiratory health, and childhood asthma: Should we change our beliefs?

Swimming pool, respiratory health, and childhood asthma: Should we change our beliefs?

Airway irritation among indoor swimming pool personnel: trichloramine exposure, exhaled NO and protein profiling of nasal lavage fluids

Potential negative effects of chlorinated swimming pool attendance on health of swimmers and associated staff

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