“…This disparity in teacher distribution has been primarily explained as an issue of teacher turnover. Studies investigating teacher turnover consistently report that lowincome, low-achievement, minority, and rural students are subjected to higher teacher-turnover rates and therefore more likely to be exposed to inexperienced, less-qualified, and/or out-offield teachers (Barbieri, Rossetti, & Sestito, 2011;Clotfelter, Ladd, & Vigdor, 2005;Lankford, Loeb, & Wyckoff, 2002;Luschei & Carnoy, 2010;Sass, Hannaway, Xu, Figlio, & Feng, 2012;Scafidi, Sjoquist, & Stinebrickner, 2007).…”