The determination of drag in front crawl swimming

Toussaint, H.M.; Roos, Paulien E.; Kolmogorov, Sergei

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.02.020

Cited by 114 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This is due to the larger size of the men because the CD AD did not differ. The presented AD max (28.5 N) (at v max 1.4 m·s −1 ) for the children is close (22% lower) to values reported previously for a mixed group of 13-year-old swimmers with similar maximal velocity (1.37 m·s (Toussaint et al, 2004). This difference may partly be due to the MAD method's use of only arm strokes whereas the perturbation method includes leg kicking as well.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…This difference may partly be due to the MAD method's use of only arm strokes whereas the perturbation method includes leg kicking as well. However, the two methods were found to measure the same phenomenon, and the perturbation method is thus both reliable (Kolmogorov & Duplisheva, 1992) and valid (Toussaint et al, 2004). As the adults have higher swimming velocity at maximal sprint, the active drag is, as expected, higher than for children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Secondly, the MAD method has shown to measure higher drag values (approx. 20%) than the perturbation method (Toussaint et al, 2004). Thirdly, real differences in active drag between the groups may be present.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Drag Characteristics of Competitive Swimming Children and Adults

Kjendlie

Stallman

2008

Journal of Applied Biomechanics

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The aims of this study were to compare drag in swimming children and adults, quantify technique using the technique drag index (TDI), and use the Froude number (Fr) to study whether children or adults reach hull speed at maximal velocity (v max ). Active and passive drag was measured by the perturbation method and a velocity decay method, respectively, including 9 children aged 11.7 ± 0.8 and 13 adults aged 21.4 ± 3.7. The children had significantly lower active (k AD ) and passive drag factor (k PD ) compared with the adults. TDI (k AD /k PD ) could not detect any differences in swimming technique between the two groups, owing to the adults swimming maximally at a higher Fr, increasing the wave drag component, and masking the effect of better technique. The children were found not to reach hull speed at v max , and their Fr were 0.37 ± 0.01 vs. the adults 0.42 ± 0.01, indicating adults' larger wave-making component of resistance at v max compared with children. Fr is proposed as an evaluation tool for competitive swimmers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

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Drag Characteristics of Competitive Swimming Children and Adults

Kjendlie

Stallman

2008

Journal of Applied Biomechanics

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“…resistance (Toussaint & Beek, 1992;Toussaint, Roos, & Kolmogorov, 2004). Underwater swimming allows competitors to minimize their velocity loss after dives and turns (Connaboy, Coleman, Moir, & Sanders, 2010) as far as a maximum of 15-m from the starting or turning walls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different swimming race constraints on turning movements

Veiga

Mallo

Navandar

et al. 2014

Human Movement Science

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a b s t r a c tThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different swimming race constraints on the evolution of turn parameters. One hundred and fifty-eight national and regional level 200-m (meters) male swimming performances were video-analyzed using the individualized-distance model in the Open Comunidad de Madrid tournament. Turn (p < .001, ES = 0.36) and underwater distances (p < .001, ES = 0.38) as well as turn velocity (p < .001, ES = 0.69) significantly dropped throughout the race, although stroke velocity and underwater velocity were maintained in the last lap of the race (p > .05). Higher expertise swimmers obtained faster average velocities and longer distances in all the turn phases (p < .001, ES = 0.59), except the approach distance. In addition, national level swimmers showed the ability to maintain most of the turn parameters throughout the race, which assisted them in improving average velocity at the end of races. Therefore, the variations in the turning movements of a swimming race were expertise-related and focused on optimizing average velocity. Turning skills should be included in the swimming race action plan.

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“…Valores para a força de arrasto (Fr) e para a potência mecânica útil a propulsão (Pu), obtidos por este estudo (Tabela 1) durante o desempenho do crawl em velocidade máxima, mostram-se compatíveis aos valores registrados para homens (Fr = 30v 2 ) e mulheres (Fr = 24v 2 ) correspondentes às velocidades de 1,86 e 1,63m.s -1 , respectivamente (TOUSSAINT et al, 2004). Em uma comparação entre os principais métodos de determinação da força de arrasto (sistema de mensuração do arrasto -MADSystem, e método de perturbação da velocidade -VPM), Toussaint et al (2004) encontraram a referência de 21,33v 2.34 para a força de arrasto, que proporcionaria uma A maior diferença entre os índices aeróbios obtidos no nado atado poderia ser atribuída ao pressuposto de ser o ambiente em nado atado capaz de reduzir as variações na velocidade e força do hidrofólio durante a braçada, que resulta na habilidade de evitar o desperdício de potência e, assim, converter um maior percentual da potência muscular em potência específica da braçada (VORONTSOV et al, 2006;ROUARD et al, 2006), que neste caso seria empregada para manter o equilíbrio dinâmico com a carga.…”

Section: -Considerações Sobre a Avaliação Dos Parâmetros Hidrodinâmicosunclassified

Modelos mecânicos e fisiológicos do exercício nos domínios pesado e severo

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The determination of drag in front crawl swimming

Cited by 114 publications

References 10 publications

Drag Characteristics of Competitive Swimming Children and Adults

Drag Characteristics of Competitive Swimming Children and Adults

Effects of different swimming race constraints on turning movements

Modelos mecânicos e fisiológicos do exercício nos domínios pesado e severo

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