The Determination of Lignin

Brauns, Friedrich Emil; Brauns, Dorothy Alexandra

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-2779-5.50009-2

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The gold coated samples were placed in the chamber of SEM and secondary electron or back scattered electron images are recorded. [18] and estimation using ICP-OES (Model: Optima® 8x00 series) Cellulose Sadasivam and Manickam (1996) [23] Lignin Klason (1923) [12] Structural chemistry of straw and their products were characterized using Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrometer equipped with Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) containing diamond crystal (Model: Perkin Elmer spectrum 100 FT-IR spectrometer with ATR). The methodology included transferring samples to the small crystal area located on the ATR top plate, followed by positioning the pressure over crystal/ sample area and applying force till the pressure gauge registered force sufficient enough to push the sample on the diamond surface.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and characterization of vermicompost and biochar from rice straw

Amritha¹,

S²

2020

J Pharmacogn Phytochem

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Soil Quality" is the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality and support human health and habitation. One of the major threats for soil quality is the intensive use of agrochemicals coupled with soil degradation processes. Vermicomposting has emerged as a promising eco-friendly approach for recovering degraded soils and equally good is the application of biochar, a carbonaceous material produced from pyrolysing biomass for both remediation and for soil carbon storage potentials. The vermicompost and biochar mentioned in the present study are rice straw based products. The lower bulk density of straw and its products compared to soil shows its promising role in reducing the soil bulk density and increasing the porosity besides its capability to hold more water when applied to soil. The process of vermicomposting helped to increase the nutrients viz., N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and silicon and decrease that of carbon, cellulose and lignin thereby narrowing down the C: N ratio. Conversion of residues into biochar helped to increase content of most of the nutrients in the final product, while nitrogen, cellulose and lignin content were found to decrease after pyrolysis. Pyrolysis process imparted more recalcitrant character by increasing aromatic compounds as evidenced from FT-IR analysis, thus ensuring its suitability for carbon sequestration.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and characterization of vermicompost and biochar from rice straw

Amritha¹,

S²

2020

J Pharmacogn Phytochem

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“…All the effluent samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis and analyzed for pH, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrates (NO 3 ) and sulphates (SO 4 ) as per the standard methods provided by American Public Health Association (APHA) (Rice et al 2017) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was determined by COD Cell Test kit according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Lignin concentration and color were determined by the methods of Pearl and Benson (Brauns & Brauns 1960), and CCPA (Canadian Pulp and Paper Association) (CPPA 1974), respectively.…”

Section: Physicochemical Characteristics Of Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of lignin by Bacillus altitudinis SL7 isolated from pulp and paper mill effluent

Khan

Zarin

Ahmed

et al. 2021

Water Science and Technology

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Lignin is a major by-product of pulp and paper industries, which is resistant to depolymerization due to its heterogeneous structure. Degradation of lignin can be achieved by the use of potential lignin-degrading bacteria. The current study was designed to evaluate the degradation efficiency of newly isolated Bacillus altitudinis SL7 from pulp and paper mill effluent. The degradation efficiency of B. altitudinis SL7 was determined by color reduction, r lignin contents, and ligninolytic activity from degradation medium supplemented with alkali lignin (3 g/L). B. altitudinis SL7 reduced color and lignin contents by 26 and 44%, respectively, on 5th day of the incubation, as evident from the maximum laccase activity. Optimum degradation was observed at 40 °C and pH 8.0. FT-IR spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis confirmed lignin degradation by emergence of the new peaks and identification of low molecular weight compounds in treated samples. The identified compounds such as vanillin, 2-methyoxyhenol, 3-methyl phenol, oxalic acid and ferulic acid suggested the degradation of coniferyl and sinapyl groups of lignin. Degradation efficiency of B. altitudinis SL7 towards high lignin concentration under alkaline pH indicated the potential application of this isolate in biological treatment of the lignin-containing effluents.

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“…However, lignin is indeed altered in the course of the process and partially dissolvedcalling for a correction by measuring “soluble lignin” photometrically. In addition, carbohydrates are converted into the heteroaromatics furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural, which can condense and contribute to both the solid residue obtained and the color intensity of the “soluble lignin” as chromophores. , Thus, the assumption that sulfuric acid will cleanly digest and dissolve the nonlignin fraction is disputable, and the selectivity of Klason lignin is in all likelihood not too high. Aside from that, gravimetric methods that are based on the precipitation of lignin by acid cannot be applied to lignosulfonates: their sulfonic acid substituents carry a charge even at very low pH and effectively prevent precipitation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Quantification of Lignin in Liquors by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography-Densitometry and Multivariate Calibration

Khaliliyan

Schuster

Sumerskii

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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A method for lignin quantification is presented that is based on densitometry and multivariate calibration by partial least squares (PLS). Densitometry removes interferences otherwise caused by undissolved liquor components and solvents, while multivariate calibration accounts for interferences by other sample components, such as extractives or chromophoric compounds. Method validation predicted a bias very close to 0% and an uncertainty of 10% (kraft) to 20% and less (lignosulfonate). In trials with three industrial kraft liquors, biases from 0 to 5% were observed; for a tested lignosulfonate, a bias of 6% was obtained. By combining this method with thin-layer chromatography, other liquor components can be determined simultaneously with the lignin content, for example monosaccharides in sulfite liquors (total time per sample: 13 min). If only the lignin content is of interest, chromatography is unnecessary, and more than 200 samples can be applied to the plate in a dense pattern (time per sample: 2 min). Compared to other methods, this measurement is fast, gives correct results, is inert toward matrix components, and can be coupled with a chromatographic analysis. Its only prerequisite is the isolation of a suitable reference lignin to be used as an external standard.

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The Determination of Lignin

Cited by 4 publications

References 34 publications

Production and characterization of vermicompost and biochar from rice straw

Production and characterization of vermicompost and biochar from rice straw

Degradation of lignin by Bacillus altitudinis SL7 isolated from pulp and paper mill effluent

Direct Quantification of Lignin in Liquors by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography-Densitometry and Multivariate Calibration

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