The development a fully-balanced current-tunable first-order low-pass filter with Caprio technique

Abstract

This paper presents the development and design of a fully-balanced current-tunable first-order low-pass filter with Caprio technique, which could include the design and implementation of a first-order low-pass filter circuits. The filter consists of six bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and a single capacitor. The filter construction uses a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) as the main device and a single capacitor. A fully-balanced current-tunable first-order low-pass filter with Caprio technique developed. The architecture of the circuit is quite simple and proportional, symmetrical with signs of difference. Circuits developed into integrated circuits act like basic circuits for frequency filter circuits, current modes with Caprio techniques, obtained by improving the first-order low-pass filter for signal differences with incoming impedances. Adjusting the parameters of the circuit with the caprio technique achieves the optimal parameter value for correcting the total harmonic distortion value.
 The results of testing the operation of the circuit, a fully-balanced current-tunable first-order low-pass filter with Caprio technique developed and designed using the PSpice program. The simulation results showed good results in line with predicted theoretical analysis. The sensitivity of the device to the center frequency (ω0) response is low and independent of variables, the angular frequency is linear with wide current adjustment throughout the sweeping range of a wide frequency range, with a wide range of over tree orders of magnitude. Therefore, fully-balanced current-tunable first-order low-pass filter developed is very suitable to apply various applications regarding low frequency signal filtration, for example in biomedical systems, for example.

A fully balanced first order high-pass filter

“…The following are the parameters in equation ( 10): A in is the input amplitude (volt), g m is the transconductance of the transistors, R ee is the emitter degeneration resistor, and f T is the cutoff frequency. VIIP3 can be solved from equation (10) by setting IM3 Cap = 1 as follows:…”

“…Analog filters are an important part of the analog building blocks that make up wireless communication systems [1,2]. They have been developed in different ways, such as having the pole frequency controlled electronically [3][4][5][6][7][8], having a small number of components that are easy to assemble [9][10][11][12], not being affected by temperature [4,5], being able to adjust the amplitude of the signal [3,12,13], multifunction filters [14][15][16][17][18], and reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) [10,11].…”

“…The analog filter in [9] shows a band-pass filter design comprised of simple components, including an adder, a low-Q bandpass filter, and a differential amplifier. The fully balanced first-order filter has compact components developed by [10,11]. The all-pass filter can be used in voltage mode or current mode [12] or as an all-pass network applied as a multiphase oscillator [13].…”

A simple filter Lorenz electronic circuit

“…It is very important that students and researchers have a deep knowledge of the field, both theoretically and experimentally. At a theoretical level, filters are designed according to: the concept of a two-port network [2], modifying the subspace [3], Caprio technique [4], or implementation via structures such as Sallen-Key filters [5], Chebyshev topologies [6], or Butterworth [7]. At the experimental level, there are implementations at the NMOS transistor level [8] or using FPAA devices [9].…”

The development of a fully balanced current-tunable active-RC all-pass filter

“…Filters are crucial components in electronic systems that are used to selectively amplify or attenuate certain frequencies from the input signal [1]. They play a key role in applications such as audio processing, telecommunications, and sensor systems [2,3].…”