The Development and Correlates of Gender Role Orientations in African‐American Youth

Skinner, Olivenne D.; McHale, Susan M.

doi:10.1111/cdev.12828

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…Shortly thereafter, children often show preferences for toys and clothing stereotypically associated with their genders (Campbell et al, 2000; Davis & Hines, 2020; Halim et al, 2014; Jadva et al, 2010; Serbin et al, 2001) and prefer same-gender peers (Martin et al, 2011; McHale et al, 2004). Children’s preference for gender stereotypical objects, activities, and same-gender peers are generally observed throughout childhood and adolescence, though the degree to which they show these preferences varies across developmental stages (Kanka et al, 2019; Skinner & McHale, 2018; for a review see Halim et al, 2011). While most youth show these patterns, there is variation, wherein some youth show strongly gendered identity and preferences, others show weaker identity and preferences, and still others come to identify and/or have preferences more often associated with another gender (Golombok & Rust, 1993; Golombok et al, 2012; Gülgöz et al, 2019; Martin & Ruble, 2010).…”

Section: Stability Of Gender Concepts In Middle Childhoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We tested for differences between groups and examined whether boys and girls differ in their gender development over time. Because research has suggested that the strength of gender-typed preferences might vary over time (Skinner & McHale, 2018), we also explored whether the length of time between the assessments affected the stability of gender preferences.…”

Section: The Present Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Consistency of gender identity and preferences across time: An exploration among cisgender and transgender children.

Häßler¹,

Glazier²,

Olson³

2022

Developmental Psychology

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While considerable research has examined gender development in middle childhood, little longitudinal work has been conducted at this time to indicate whether, for example, youth who show more or less gender conformity at one point continue to do so later. The present study investigated the consistency of gender identity and preferences for gender-stereotypical toys, clothing, and same-gender peer preferences among groups of transgender youth (n = 158), their siblings (n = 79), and an unrelated group of cisgender youth (n = 128) from a mean age of 7.0 (range 3.0-10.9) to a mean age of 9.6 (range 5.1-12.0). Furthermore, 65.5% of the youth were girls, 69.7% were White, 72.8% grew up in households with an annual household income of $75,000 or more, and 89.9% of parents had a bachelor's degree or higher. Overall, we found a small-to-medium correlation over this 2.6-year span within each group, both across the composite of measures and most measures individually. Despite the moderate stability over time, we found a decrease in the composite and individual scores over this time span for girls and for transgender participants. Together these results suggested some stability in children's gender identity and preferences in middle childhood and that this was true regardless of whether the child's gender did or did not align with their sex assignment at birth.

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Section: Stability Of Gender Concepts In Middle Childhoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Present Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consistency of gender identity and preferences across time: An exploration among cisgender and transgender children.

Häßler¹,

Glazier²,

Olson³

2022

Developmental Psychology

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“…In addition to parents' gender, associations between marriage and parent-child relationships may also differ for sons and daughters. Adolescent girls may be more attuned to family experiences and thus more likely to be affected by interparental dynamics given that, on average, they are higher in relationally oriented, expressive traits compared to boys (Skinner & McHale, 2018). Scholars also have highlighted the vulnerability of boys in the face of marital hostility (Cox et al, 2001); however, given that they may be more likely to intervene in the face of parental conflict (Sturge-Apple et al, 2004).…”

Section: Moderators Of Linkages Between Marital and Parent-child Rela...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Links between marital and parent–child relationship in African American families: A dyadic approach.

Skinner

Sun

McHale

2021

Journal of Family Psychology

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Grounded in a family systems perspective, we used a dyadic approach to examine longitudinal associations between parents' marital relationship qualities (marital conflict and marital satisfaction) and parent-child warmth and conflict in a sample of 180 African American families with adolescent-age children. We also tested whether these associations varied as a function of family economic strain, parents' depressive symptoms, and parent and youth gender. Results from longitudinal, Actor-Partner Interdependence Models (APIMs) showed significant actor and partner effects for associations between marital satisfaction and parent-child relationships reflecting both spillover and compensation processes. With respect to compensation, on occasions when fathers experienced lower marital satisfaction than usual (i.e., compared to their own cross time average), youth reported more relationship warmth with mothers than usual. Spillover effects were moderated, such that, on occasions when parents experienced more marital satisfaction than usual, adolescents reported more warmth, but only on occasions when parents also experienced lower economic strain than usual. Neither parents' depressive symptoms nor youth gender moderated associations between marriage and parent-child relationships. Results highlight interconnections between marital and parent-child relationships within African American families, the importance of assessing experiences of multiple family members, and the role of family contextual factors for family systems processes in this sociocultural group.

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“…Boys, in contrast, reported more sibling positivity on occasions when parents reported more conflict than usual. These results suggest that sisters may be more vulnerable to marital disharmony than brothers, possibly reflecting that girls tend to be higher in expressive qualities than boys (Skinner & McHale, 2018) and so particularly sensitive to parents' marital issues. In contrast, boys may have compensated for parents' marital disharmony by turning to their siblings for support.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…First, sisters report closer sibling relationships than brothers, on average (Kim et al, 2006; Whiteman et al, 2015). Further, Black girls, similar to girls of other racial/ethnic groups, tend to exhibit more relationally oriented, expressive traits compared with boys, and these traits that may make them particularly sensitive to their parents' marital experiences (Skinner & McHale, 2018).…”

Section: The Roles Of Parent and Youth Gender In Marital–sibling Rela...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Context matters: Longitudinal associations between marital relationships and sibling relationships in Black families

Skinner

McHale

2022

Family Relations

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Objective and Background Sibling relationship qualities have been linked to parents' marital dynamics, but we know little about the contextual conditions underlying these linkages. We examined longitudinal associations between parents' reports of their marital satisfaction and conflict and siblings' reports of warmth and conflict and tested whether these associations varied by family economic strain, neighborhood economic disadvantage, and parent and youth gender. Method Data were collected in three annual home interviews with mothers and fathers and two adolescent siblings from 185 Black families. Results Results from multilevel models showed that associations between mothers' and fathers' marital and youth's sibling relationship varied according to neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, family economic strain, and youth gender. For example, consistent with a spillover model, on occasions when parents reported more marital conflict than usual, youth reported less sibling positivity, but only when parents also experienced less economic strain than usual. Supporting a compensation hypothesis, on occasions when parents reported more marital conflict than usual, boys reported more sibling positivity. Conclusions Results provide new insights into family systems processes in an understudied group, including the role of contextual factors and youth gender in shaping those processes. Implications Researchers and practitioners should consider multiple family relationship dynamics and the larger family contexts in which these relationships take place to better understand youth relational adjustment.

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The Development and Correlates of Gender Role Orientations in African‐American Youth

Cited by 13 publications

References 66 publications

Consistency of gender identity and preferences across time: An exploration among cisgender and transgender children.

Consistency of gender identity and preferences across time: An exploration among cisgender and transgender children.

Links between marital and parent–child relationship in African American families: A dyadic approach.

Context matters: Longitudinal associations between marital relationships and sibling relationships in Black families

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