The development of a simple objective test of mastication suitable for older people, using chewing gums

Anastassiadou, Vassiliki; Heath, Martlesham

doi:10.1111/j.1741-2358.2001.00079.x

Cited by 47 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…14,15 This further explains why edentulism is negatively associated with cognitive function, 15 whereas elderly people with natural teeth or functional prostheses may not suffer from reduced cognitive function, assuming they have no difficulty chewing. [16][17][18][19] Chewing efficiency is influenced by several variables including age, gender 20 and salivary flow rate. The two-colour chewing gum test has been described as a simple, quick and valid tool that enables detection of small changes in masticatory performance.…”

Section: Backg Rou N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of prosthetic status and dementia on the chewing efficiency of seniors in nursing homes

Klotz

Ehret

Zajac

et al. 2019

J of Oral Rehabilitation

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Background:The oral health of seniors in nursing homes is compromised.Furthermore, reduced chewing efficiency is described to be associated with reduced cognition. However, studies investigating how prosthetic status affects the chewing efficiency of nursing home residents are not available.Objective: To evaluate associations between prosthetic status, dementia and chewing efficiency of seniors in nursing homes. Methods:This study was performed in nine nursing homes. In addition to assessing the general and medical data of the participants, a dental examination was assessed and the severity of dementia was evaluated by use of the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Furthermore, chewing efficiency was assessed by use of a two-colour mixing ability test. Descriptive and bivariate statistics, as well as linear regression models with the dependent variable chewing efficiency and possible confounders, were used to analyse data at P < .05. Results:Complete target variables of 146 participants were analysed. The mean (SD) chewing efficiency of the study sample, as expressed by the variance of hue, was .590 (.250). The type of prosthesis used (P < .001), the number of occluding tooth pairs (P < .001) and the presence of dementia (P = .002) were the main variables significantly affecting chewing efficiency. The condition of removable dentures also had an effect (P = .016). Multivariate testing predominantly confirmed these associations. Conclusion:The chewing efficiency of seniors in nursing homes is somewhat compromised. Beyond dental aspects, suffering from dementia seems to reduce the chewing efficiency. Further interventional/longitudinal studies are, however, encouraged to verify this outcome. K E Y W O R D Sclinical dementia rating, chewing efficiency, dementia, dental prostheses, nursing home, twocolour chewing gum test

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Section: Backg Rou N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of prosthetic status and dementia on the chewing efficiency of seniors in nursing homes

Klotz

Ehret

Zajac

et al. 2019

J of Oral Rehabilitation

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In some previous studies, methods using gum have been developed to simplify and standardize the test procedures (Blissett et al 2007; Mazari et al 2007; Prinz & Heath 2000). In this study, we offered sugar-free chewing gum to participants, as it can be applied easily and being sugar- and/or sweetener-free it will not cause salivary stimulation that can influence the mastication function (Anastassiadou & Heath 2001). Further, with its uniform properties in terms of weight and shape, this type of test food has also helped us standardize EMG measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of chewing on dental patients with total denture: an experimental study

et al. 2013

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In this study, we have explored the prospect of assessing and following level of total denture adaptation by use of EMG signals recorded during gum chewing. Total of 14 edentulous patients, 6 women and 8 men, with an average age of 63±9 years, were recruited. Separate EMG recordings were obtained from left and right temporalis and masseter muscles of the patients for a period of 10 seconds, while they were chewing a sugar-free gum on their left and right sides. EMG recordings were repeated at three times: before, right after, and six months after the placement of the denture. We have tried to standardize environmental and individual factors during EMG recordings. The EMG data have been pre-processed and analyzed using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and obtained features were statistically evaluated using the paired sample t-test. Chewing activity on the right and left side is analyzed by making comparisons of muscle activity between before and right-after cases and before and six-months-after denture fixation cases. A comparison between right and left side mastication is also made at different time points. We have suggested and implemented a new test and comparison procedure in order to assess adaptation to denture fixation using EMG analysis. In this study, the results indicate that DWT based EMG analysis is instrumental in evaluating denture adaptation and as time progresses the adaptation to denture and hence chewing efficiency increases in patients with total denture replacement.

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“…The gum was found to resemble cooked food and processed food, which became visco-elastic when few numbers of chewing strokes were applied (58,70). The gums used did not stick to the dentures or get under the dentures.…”

Section: Chewing Gummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ever since, Optosil ® was widely used (26,50,60,68,69). Optocal (69), Optocal Plus (27,31,47,48), CutterSil ® (24,35,63), chewing gums (53,58,70), irreversible hydrocolloid impression material (34,43), gelatine (23,38,54), paraffin wax (72) and mixture of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) (57) also have been used as test food.…”

Section: Artificial Test Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

An insight into the masticatory performance of complete denture wearer

Ahmad

2006

ADUM

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To date there is no standard protocol on evaluation of the masticatory performance in complete denture wearer even though many methods had been described in the literature for measurement of the masticatory performance of the complete denture wearers. The masticatory performances were measured either subjectively or objectively, but no positive correlation was found between subjective and objective measurement. Therefore, there is a need to standardize the objective measurement, as subjective measurements rely on patients' perceptions, which is not reliable. Intra individual and inter individual variations that exist support the need to standardize the method of measurement.Key words: masticatory performance, complete denture. INTRODUCTIONThe efficiency and success of complete dentures are difficult to measure objectively. It is important to be able to do so because patients sometimes complain with no clinical evidence (1,2). Most patients expect dentures to be comparable, both functionally and esthetically, to a natural dentition (3). To predict individual patients' ability to chew test foods, dentists cannot rely on subjective responses to questionnaires on chewing difficulties or on the complete denture. However, a series of chewing tests can determine the individual masticatory performance. An objective test of masticatory performance could provide useful information of edentulous subjects wearing complete denture; later this information could support advice and decisions made by the dentists to patients on the treatment and the treatment outcome (4). OBJECTIVESTooth loss is significant in elderly people, partly due to poor oral health. Fiske and Lewis (1995) suggested that oral health is important in the elderly in terms of their ability to eat healthy nutritious food (5), as elderly with a reduced number of teeth had a poor quality diet (6). It is important to have good oral health and chewing ability, either by means of the remaining teeth or with dentures (7).The selection of food by the elderly was affected by the number of teeth, the number of occluding pairs and the presence of complete dentures (8,9). The wearing of complete dentures also resulted in changes in masticatory function compared with dentate subjects (10-12). Therefore, a measurement of the performance and the efficiency of masticatory function is important as restoring the masticatory function is one of the purposes of complete denture construction (13).The objective of this paper is to give a brief insight into the masticatory performance and efficiency of complete denture wearers and various methods used to establish the masticatory performance of the edentulous patients. MASTICATORY FUNCTION Definition"The ability of a patient to masticate is measured in two ways, i.e (1) Masticatory efficiency and (2) Masticatory performance"-Bates, Stafford and Harrison (10). From the Glossary of Prosthodontics (14), masticatory efficiency is defined as the effort required achieving a standard degree of comminution while masticatory performance i...

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The development of a simple objective test of mastication suitable for older people, using chewing gums

Abstract: Measuring the weight lost from gums during chewing provides a simple test of masticatory effectiveness of visco-elastic foods. This has particular value both in functional assessment of older people and in physiological research.

Cited by 47 publications

References 9 publications

The effects of prosthetic status and dementia on the chewing efficiency of seniors in nursing homes

The effects of prosthetic status and dementia on the chewing efficiency of seniors in nursing homes

Effect of chewing on dental patients with total denture: an experimental study

An insight into the masticatory performance of complete denture wearer

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