The development of affectional responses in infant dogs.

Igel, George J.; Calvin, Allen D.

doi:10.1037/h0049308

Cited by 44 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…The work of Jeddi (1970), confirming that of Igel and Calvin (1960), indicates that newborn puppies are attracted both by soft furry surfaces and by heat. The problem then is to devise an experiment Beginning at 5 days of age, the separation responses of 4 litters of puppies of diverse genotypes were measured for 10 min under 2 conditions.…”

Section: New Evidence From the Onset Of The Critical Periodsupporting

confidence: 50%

“…A newborn puppy can vocalize at fairly high rates, but does so in response to a variety of stimuli such as pain, cold, and hunger. The work of Jeddi (1970), confirming that of Igel and Calvin (1960), indicates that newborn puppies are attracted both by soft furry surfaces and by heat. The problem then is to devise an experiment 504 SCOTT, STEWART, AND DE GlIETT which will test the factor of separation apart from physical discomfort.…”

Section: New Evidence From the Onset Of The Critical Periodmentioning

confidence: 79%

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Critical periods in the organization of systems

Scott

Stewart

Ghett

1974

Developmental Psychobiology

107

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The general theory of critical periods applies to organizational processes involved in the development of any living system on any level of organization and states that the time during which an organizational process is proceeding most rapidly is the time when the process may most easily be altered or modified. Complex organizational processes involving 2 or more interdependent subprocesses may show 1 to several critical periods, depending on the time relationships of the subprocesses. The nature of the relationships between interdependent processes operating on different levels is again dependent on time and is a more meaningful formulation than that of the old "innate-acquired" dichotomy. These theoretical considerations lead to the conclusion that understanding a critical-period phenomenon rests on analyzing the nature of the organizational process or processes involved. An example is given in a review of research on the critical period for primary socialization (social attachment) in the dog. Evidence that attachment has taken place consists of discriminative behavior in relation to familiar and unfamiliar objects and rests on a minimum of 3 processes: 1) organization of the separation distress response; 2) visual and auditory sensory capacities; and 3) long-term associative memory capacities. Once these capacities are developed, the overall attachment process proceeds very rapidly (the critical period for such attachment). Thus the critical periods for the organizational subprocesses precede or slightly overlap that for the overall process. Deeper analyses of these processes must rest on neurophysiological research. The theory of critical periods is a general one that should apply to any developmental organizational process which proceeds at grossly different rates at different times. General Theory of Critical PeriodsAs presently understood, the theory of critical periods is a general theory of organization. Therefore, it is applicable to a wide variety of organizational phenomena, ranging from embryonic development to the formation of organizations between nations. The only exceptions are those based on the nature of specific organizational processes-those that are continuous and proceed at uniform rates-rather than on the entities which are being organized. Such exceptions are relatively rare and, therefore, one may safely assume that any new or unknown organizational process has a high probability of showing a critical period. The theory of critical periods is thus related to and should be compatible with other theories of organization.

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Section: New Evidence From the Onset Of The Critical Periodsupporting

confidence: 50%

Section: New Evidence From the Onset Of The Critical Periodmentioning

confidence: 79%

Critical periods in the organization of systems

Scott

Stewart

Ghett

1974

Developmental Psychobiology

107

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“…Similarly, the stimulus of the mother exceeding the child's attachment set point is a natural clue for the activation of the attachment system. Children do not have to learn these connections by trial and error or as a result of generalization from some more fundamental set of reinforcers or punishers: the basic result of Harlow's experiments with monkeys (e.g., Harlow & Harlow, 1965) as well as similar research on dogs (Igel & Calvin, 1960) is that the secondary drive theory of social reinforcers is incorrect. The list of evolved motivational systems must be expanded beyond the list of a few basic drives posited by behaviorists and psychoanalysts as the basis of human motivation.…”

Section: The Evolutionary Function Of the Human Affectional Systemmentioning

confidence: 96%

Warmth as a Developmental Construct: An Evolutionary Analysis

MacDonald¹

1992

Child Development

283

190

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“…The fact that maternal separation has a profound impact upon behavioral and physiological functioning in mammalian infants has been well documented (Harlow & Zimmerman, 1959;Igel & Calvin, 1960). In the 1960s, John Bowlby began work to explain this phenomenon using an ethological model in which attachment seeking is viewed as an intrinsic biological motivational system.…”

Section: Biological Models Of Attachment Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Attachment, loss, and complicated grief

Shear

Shair

2005

Developmental Psychobiology

326

260

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Bereavement is a highly disruptive experience that is usually followed by a painful but time-limited period of acute grief. An unfortunate minority of individuals experience prolonged and impairing complicated grief, an identifiable syndrome that differs from usual grief, major depression, and other DSM IV diagnostic entities. Underlying processes guiding symptoms are not well understood for either usual or complicated grief. We propose a provisional model of bereavement, guided by Myron Hofer's question "What exactly is lost when a loved one dies?" We integrate insights about biobehavioral regulation from Hofer's animal studies of infant separation, research on adult human attachment, and new ideas from bereavement research. In this model, death of an attachment figure produces a state of traumatic loss and symptoms of acute grief. These symptoms usually resolve following revision of the internalized representation of the deceased to incorporate the reality of the death. Failure to accomplish this integration results in the syndrome of complicated grief.

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The development of affectional responses in infant dogs.

Cited by 44 publications

References 1 publication

Critical periods in the organization of systems

Critical periods in the organization of systems

Warmth as a Developmental Construct: An Evolutionary Analysis

Attachment, loss, and complicated grief

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