The development of an analytical method for urinary metabolites of the riot control agent 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS)

Riches, James R.; Read, Robert W.; Black, Robin M.; Harrison, J. M.; Shand, Dawn A.; Tomsett, Eleanor V.; Newsome, Catherine R.; Bailey, Nicola C.; Roughley, Neil; Gravett, Matthew R.; Stubbs, Sarah J.; McColm, Richard R.

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.03.029

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Chlorophyll "a" is the biochemical parameter that is an indicator of the biomass that gives information about the content of nutritional elements, the concentration of chlorophyll giving information about the stock of nutrients. [42,43], [46][47][48][49] Chemical substances are degraded through different metabolic pathways, through the oxidation of carbon and hydrogen from organic substances, through the oxidation of nitrogen from nitrites, or from chemical substances that contain nitrogen in the molecule, hydrolysis or the removal of water at C = C atoms by addition to the double bond, spli ing and forming C -C bonds by decarboxylating or carboxylating ketones, adding or removing the N atom in the form of NH3. In addition to the metabolic reactions of the cells, there are also reactions by which the toxic organic substances are inactivated and eliminated from the reaction medium through methylation, acetylation.…”

Section: Results and Discutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each peak was assigned a functional group. [45][46][47][48]. The surface chemistry of the samples was studied using an FTIR Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu IR TRACER-100, Kyoto, Japan) in the region of 4000-400 cm -1 .…”

Section: Results and Discutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4] Identification of exposure to chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is important in the context of supporting investigations of alleged use of CWAs under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). [5][6][7][8] CS gas is the name of the chemical compound that contains the irritating substance O-Chloro benzylidene Malononitrile. In our tests we will call it CBM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modification of Oxygen Production of Algal Cells in the Presence of O-chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile, Biodegradation in the Eco-Friendly Way

Gheorghe,

Popovici

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Chemical substances such us CS-gas used in military operations are chemical compounds that present a series of peculiarities that affect the ecosystem by disrupting the ecological balance. This study evaluated the toxicological character of O-chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile (CBM), (substance present in CS-gas) on the algae Cholrella sp. and analyzed the toxicity limit and the response of the microorganism to the oxidative stress caused by this substance. In order to under-stand the toxicological mechanisms of CBM on algal culture, a series of parameters were analyzed such as: the cell growth curve, the average specific growth rate (µ), percent inhibition in yield(I%), dry cell weight (DCW), percent viability and productivity of algal biomass flocculation activity(FA), change in oxygen production. The content of chlorophyll pigments, was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) fluorescence spectroscopy and analysis of the surface structure of algal cells by SEM spectroscopy. This study aims to provide fundamental data for understanding the toxicity of CBM to aquatic organisms and provides a basis for assessing the potential for impact on aquatic ecosystems. The results obtained could be taken into account in the management of the decontamination of the affected areas.

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Section: Results and Discutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Results and Discutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modification of Oxygen Production of Algal Cells in the Presence of O-chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile, Biodegradation in the Eco-Friendly Way

Gheorghe,

Popovici

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…There must be a way of deactivating the channel as the irritation caused by physiologically active BMNs fades within 10 min once humans leave a contaminated area and no permanent harm is evident [ 8 ]. Hydrolysis of BMNs [ 59 ] or their reaction with cellular thiols such as glutathione, which can yield stable adducts [ 60 ], may enable hTRPA1 to reset. Reaction of the hTRPA1 cysteine residue with irritant BMNs might help explain why pain is felt immediately, continues during exposure with an intensity proportional to their concentration, disappears within a short time following termination of exposure, recommences on renewed exposure and after sufficiently long or repeated exposure fades or is tolerated [ 8 ] (which suggests desensitization).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potency of irritation by benzylidenemalononitriles in humans correlates with TRPA1 ion channel activation

Lindsay¹,

Green²,

Bird³

et al. 2015

R. Soc. open sci.

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We show that the physiological activity of solid aerosolized benzylidenemalononitriles (BMNs) including ‘tear gas’ (CS) in historic human volunteer trials correlates with activation of the human transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 ion channel (hTRPA1). This suggests that the irritation caused by the most potent of these compounds results from activation of this channel. We prepared 50 BMNs and measured their hTRPA1 agonist potencies. A mechanism of action consistent with their physiological activity, involving their dissolution in water on contaminated body surfaces, cell membrane penetration and reversible thiolation by a cysteine residue of hTRPA1, supported by data from nuclear magnetic resonance experiments with a model thiol, explains the structure–activity relationships. The correlation provides evidence that hTRPA1 is a receptor for irritants on nociceptive neurons involved in pain perception; thus, its activation in the eye, nose, mouth and skin would explain the symptoms of lachrymation, sneezing, coughing and stinging, respectively. The structure–activity results and the use of the BMNs as pharmacological tools in future by other researchers may contribute to a better understanding of the TRPA1 channel in humans (and other animals) and help facilitate the discovery of treatments for human diseases involving this receptor.

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“…However, because of the unavailability of any routine specific laboratory test for CS it is difficult to define a confirmed case. Recent studies have attempted to test an analytical method for the measurement of urinary metabolites of CS [ 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to the Riot Control Agent CS and Potential Health Effects: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Dimitroglou

Rachiotis

Hadjichristodoulou

2015

IJERPH

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o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) is one of the most extensively used riot control agents. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review of the potential health effects related to CS exposure. We searched for papers in English between 1991 and 2014. Thirty five (35) studies (25 case reports, seven descriptive studies and three analytical studies) were included in the review. In the twenty five case reports/series 90 cases of exposure to CS and their clinical effects are presented. Their mean age was 25.7 years and 62.0% were males. In addition, 61% of the cases described dermal, 40% respiratory, 57% ocular clinical effects. Life threatening situations as well as long-term health effects were found and were related with exposure to confined/enclosed space. Descriptive and analytical studies have shown attack rates ranging from 12% to 40%. Subjects who were sprayed by the police more often needed special treatment and reported adverse health effects. Apart from transient clinical effects, CS could have lasting and serious effects on human health. Better surveillance of the subjects exposed to CS and completion of cohort studies among exposed populations will illuminate the spectrum of the health effects of exposure to CS.

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The development of an analytical method for urinary metabolites of the riot control agent 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS)

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

Modification of Oxygen Production of Algal Cells in the Presence of O-chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile, Biodegradation in the Eco-Friendly Way

Modification of Oxygen Production of Algal Cells in the Presence of O-chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile, Biodegradation in the Eco-Friendly Way

Potency of irritation by benzylidenemalononitriles in humans correlates with TRPA1 ion channel activation

Exposure to the Riot Control Agent CS and Potential Health Effects: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

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