The Development of Emotional Distress Reactions to Separation, in Puppies

Elliot, Orville; Scott, John

doi:10.1080/00221325.1961.10534386

Cited by 105 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…There is substantial variation in the rate (number of yelps per time) of separation distress vocalisations, not only among breeds (Elliot and Scott, 1961 ), but also among individuals (Ross et al, 1960). In our study, differences in vocalisation time between social conditions may not have been observed because the six dogs selected for pair housing were not a random representative subsample of the original 18 dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

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Influence of housing conditions on beagle behaviour

Hetts¹,

Clark²,

Calpin³

et al. 1992

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

176

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Behaviours studied were movement, vocalisation, lying down, sleep, object manipulation, barrier manipulation, barrier jumping, fence running, agonistic and affiliative activities, and proximity. Behavioural effects were compared among housing conditions, order of rotation through each housing condition, and behavioural changes over time during each 3 month rotation.Dogs spent more time moving in pens and runs than in cages. Dogs housed in the greatest degree of social isolation spent the most time moving, exhibited the greatest number of bizarre movements, and vocalised the most. Dogs housed in the smallest cages spent more time grooming and in manipulation of enclosure barriers than those housed in any other conditions. Forced treadmill exercise did not significantly alter behaviours. When housed in pairs, dogs spent more time sleeping and showed a tendency to spend less time vocalising than when housed singly.The results indicate that spatial area and activity are not likely to be the most important factors to be considered when evaluating psychosocial well-being of dogs. In assessing the psychosocial wellbeing of dogs, social isolation may be as harmful or more harmful than spatial restriction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…It is well known (e.g. Elliot and Scott, 1961 ) that both puppies and adult dogs emit a series of high pitched whines or whelps, termed distress vocalisations, in response to a variety of unpleasant stimuli. Social isolation or restriction has been regarded as a major stressor for social species (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of housing conditions on beagle behaviour

Hetts¹,

Clark²,

Calpin³

et al. 1992

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

176

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Housing conditions Social isolation Light conditions Social behavior STUDIES dealing with individually housed animals as compared to group-housed conspecifics have been performed, using a variety of laboratory animals like dogs, mice, rats and monkeys [2,8,17,19]. Besides changes in neurochemistry [27], physiology [4] and anatomy [32], individual housing causes differences in behavior of rats, such as hyperlocomotion [13,14,31], increased aggressive behavior [29], facilitated acquisition and delayed extinction of shuttlebox avoidance responses [21].…”

Section: Social Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term isolation increases social interactions of male rats: A parametric analysis

Niesink

Ree

1982

Physiology & Behavior

163

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NIESINK, R. J. M. AND J. M. VAN REE. Short-term isolation increases social interactions of male rats: A parametricanalysis. PHYSIOL. BEHAV. 29(5) [819][820][821][822][823][824][825] 1982.--Frequencies of social interactions were higher in pairs of short-term individually housed male Wistar rats as compared to group-housed animals. This was most pronounced when an individually housed rat and a group-housed conspecitic were tested together in the morning under red light conditions. Then, in particular the behavioral elements exploration partner, anogenital investigation, crawl over/mount and social grooming were enhanced. The increases in social interactions was dependent on the duration of the period of individual housing and appeared to be maximal after 4 to 7 days of individual housing. The effect extinguished after repeated testing. The observed behavioral changes were hardly affected by habituation to the test cage and were also present in young animals. The increase in social interactions is apparently not due to a general increase in locomotor or exploratory behavior, since no differences in ambulation between individually-and group-housed animals were observed when they were tested together in the social interaction test, and locomotor activities hardly differed in an open field test procedure. Social interactionHousing In most of these studies long-term individually housed animals were used and the differences with group-housed animals were apparent only after weeks or sometimes even months of individual housing. However, other studies showed that also short-term social deprivation induces disturbances, for instance, a delayed adaptation to painful stimuli when rats were repeatedly tested on a hotplate (Van Ree, unpublished observations), an increase in systolic blood pressure and heart rate [12] and increased social activity when the rats were put back in a social situation [11, 20, 28].In the present study we have studied in detail the increas~Requests for reprints should be sent to Dr. J. M. van Ree at the ing effect of short-term isolation on social interactions of pairs of rats. Additional experiments showed that this effect is specific for social interactions and is not due to a more general change in locomotion or exploratory behavior of isolated rats. METHOD AnimalsMale rats of a Wistar strain, weighing between 180 and 220 grams were used, unless otherwise indicated (see experiment d below). The rats were obtained from TNO-Zeist, The Netherlands and housed in wire cages in groups of approximately 20 animals. Prior to experimentation the rats were either individually housed (isolated, I) or in groups of 5 animals per cage (non-isolated, S) for 7 days, except as otherwise indicated. Home cages were of plastic, 22 x 13 cm and 26x40 cm, respectively. During the isolation period the cages of isolated and non-isolated rats were in the same room, so the isolated animals could hear and probably smell other rats, but did not have physical contact with them. During this period the animals were kept in...

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“…For youngsters it may coincide with removal of the mother and littermates as well as transferral from a familiar location to a completely novel one (Elliot and Scott, 1961;Pettijohn et al, 1977;Slabbert and Rasa, 1993;Serpell and Jagoe, 1995). In particular, being placed in isolation, whether this is from conspecifics or other species including humans, may result in separation distress which is typified by high frequency vocalisations and escape attempts (Elliot and Scott, 1961;Cairns and Werboff, 1967;Cohen and Fox, 1976;Pettijohn et al, 1977;Gurski et al, 1979). Separation protest is an adaptive behaviour in puppies since it phylogentically serves to help reunite the puppy with its mother or other conspecifics thus maximising its safety (Cohen and Fox, 1976;Voith and Borchelt, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A placebo-controlled study to investigate the effect of Dog Appeasing Pheromone and other environmental and management factors on the reports of disturbance and house soiling during the night in recently adopted puppies (Canis familiaris)

Taylor¹,

Mills²

2007

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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Disturbance and house soiling during the night are common problems faced by the new puppy dog owner. They may result as consequence of a mismatch between the developmental status of the puppy and its new environment and/or separation distress in a typically social animal. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Dog Appeasing Pheromone (DAP, Ceva Santé Animale) as well as a range of other management and environmental factors that might affect this process. It has been suggested that DAP may help the puppy settle into the new home by continuing the provision of the maternal appeasing pheromone. In order to test this, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of DAP was conducted with 60 pedigree puppies, aged between 6 and 10 weeks, as they entered their new home. A few days prior to the puppy's arrival, volunteer owners were supplied with either a verum or placebo plug-in diffuser designed for the slow release of the pheromone analogue over 4 weeks. Owners reported daily on disturbance and house soiling during the previous night over the following 8 weeks from the puppy's first night in the new home. The effect of the treatment together with the gender of the puppy, its maternal environment, the use of a puppy crate, sleeping with other dogs at night and the experience of the owner were included in a general linear model to explain the total number of nights spent disturbing and house soiling. Sleeping with another dog reduced the puppies' tendency to disturb at night to almost zero. Over 70% of puppies sleeping alone disturbed during the first night. The mean total number of nights of disturbance over the 2 months was between five and six nights, mostly in the first week in the home. A significant effect of DAP treatment was found in the case of the gundog breeds only ( p = 0.003), gundogs receiving placebo cried for a median of nine nights, those receiving verum cried for a median of three nights. No effect of DAP treatment was observed on the total number of nights that the puppy soiled the house ( p > 0.05). However, puppies that were placed in crates during the night ( p = 0.004) or had come from domestic maternal environments ( p = 0.006) had significantly fewer reports of house soiling over the first 2 months in the new home. #

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The Development of Emotional Distress Reactions to Separation, in Puppies

Cited by 105 publications

References 11 publications

Influence of housing conditions on beagle behaviour

Influence of housing conditions on beagle behaviour

Short-term isolation increases social interactions of male rats: A parametric analysis

A placebo-controlled study to investigate the effect of Dog Appeasing Pheromone and other environmental and management factors on the reports of disturbance and house soiling during the night in recently adopted puppies (Canis familiaris)

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