The Development of Head Banging in a Young Rhesus Monkey

Levison, Cathryn A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-023725-1.50041-0

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…A third factor that may contribute to the expression of stereotypies and SIB is exposure to stressful events. These events can range from an increase in sound level, which can elicit increased rocking in chimpanzees [Berkson & Mason, 1964], to changes or disruptions in husbandry regimens, which can provoke an increase in stereotypies in squirrel monkeys and macaques [Levison, 1970;McGrogan & King, 1982]. Experimental exposure to threatening stimuli has also been shown to instigate digit-sucking or self-biting [Cross & Harlow, 1965;Fittinghoff et al, 1974;Pond & Rush, 1983].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotypic and self‐injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: A survey and retrospective analysis of environment and early experience

Lutz

Well

Novak

2003

American J Primatol

232

297

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Abnormal behavior in captive rhesus monkeys can range from active whole-body and self-directed stereotypies to self-injurious behavior (SIB). Although abnormal behaviors are common in singly-housed rhesus monkeys, the type and frequency of these behaviors are highly variable across individual animals, and the factors influencing them are equally varied. The purpose of this investigation was to survey abnormal behavior in a large population of rhesus macaques, to characterize the relationship between stereotypies and self-injury, and to identify potential risk factors for these aberrant behaviors. Behavioral assessments of 362 individually housed rhesus monkeys were collected at the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC) and combined with colony records. Of the 362 animals surveyed, 321 exhibited at least one abnormal behavior (mean: 2.3, range: 1-8). The most common behavior was pacing. Sex differences were apparent, with males showing more abnormal behavior than females. SIB was also associated with stereotypies. Animals with a veterinary record of self-injury exhibited a greater number of self-directed stereotypies than those that did not self-injure. Housing and protocol conditions, such as individual housing at an early age, longer time housed individually, greater number of blood draws, and nursery rearing, were shown to be risk factors for abnormal behavior. Thus, many factors may influence the development and maintenance of abnormal behavior in captive primates. Some of these factors are intrinsic to the individual (e.g., sex effects), whereas others are related to colony management practices, rearing conditions, and research protocols.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotypic and self‐injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: A survey and retrospective analysis of environment and early experience

Lutz

Well

Novak

2003

American J Primatol

232

297

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“…Inappropriate stimulation may have been responsible for the low frequency of self-aggressive behaviors seen in the remaining monkeys, 3 and 4, during the videotape studies. A variety of fi~astrating or stressful events and aggressive interactions have been reported to elicit self-aggressive behavior in affected monkeys (LEVISON, 1970;JONES & BAR~CLOUGH, 1978 ;ERWIN, MITCHELL & MAPLE, 1973). For example, self-aggressive behaviors occurred in a captive born Maeaea arctoides in response to visual and vocal threatening by the investigator, while nonaggressive interactions infrequently elicited such behaviors (ALLYN, DEYME & BEGUE, 1976).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Self-aggression in macaques: Five case studies

Pond

Rush

1983

Primates

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ABSTRACT. Spontaneous self-aggressive behaviors Were observed in five adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) housed at a university facility..all were individually caged, were free of intercurrent disease, and were being utilized in ongoing research studies. The self-aggressive behaviors observed included self-biting, self-clasping, self-slapping, self-rubbing and threatening of body parts. In several cases, wounds were inflicted and medical treatment was required due to the severity of the lesions. A review of the animals' clinical histories revealed an increased level of self-aggressive behavior in four of five monkeys during such stressful or stimulating conditions as movement of the animal tO a new cage, movement of animals out of the room or escape of other monkeys from their cages. The frequency with which these behaviors occurred was quantitated experimentally. The results revealed an increased level of self-aggressive behavior in two of these animals during the videotaped sessions in response to aggressive contacts with the investigator. In contrast, one monkey exhibited self-aggressive behavior both clinically and experimentally in the absence of environmental stimuli or human contact. Clinical management of self-aggressive monkeys included housing monkeys only with physically smaller primates, decreasing the level of environmental stimuli, and drug therapy. Haloperidol was used with success in one animal that exhibited severe self-aggressive behavior.

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“…Another factor to consider in the expression of selfharm is the exposure to stressful events, which can oscillate from an increase of the sound level, altering the sense of balance in chimpanzees [75], up to changes in breeding schemes, which can cause an increase in stereotyped movements in macaques and squirrel monkeys [76,77].…”

Section: Vulnerability: the Role Of Early Experiences In The Diathesi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing Self-Injuries Behavior in Macaques: The Role of Early Experience and Genetics in an Integrated Non-Human Model

Molina¹,

Real²,

Ruiz³

et al. 2014

JBBS

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Genetic differences in non-human primates and the context where they were reared are important in the determination of their behaviors. Some studies suggest that Self-Injurious Behavior results from stress or anxiety, but some macaques appear to be more vulnerable to acquiring Self-Injurious Behavior. Vulnerability and risk for socially reared macaques of developing Self-Injurious Behavior increased when they experienced early adverse events and suffered from consequent stress. Stressful events can cause alterations in the neuroendocrine and neuropeptide systems associated with the regulation of stress and anxiety. Dysregulation in these systems contributes to the occurrence of anxious episodes that lead to self-harm. This could be used by those animals to counteract the effects of anxiety, causing euphoria by releasing endogenous opioids. In developing an integrative approach of Self-Injurious Behavior, we propose the diathesis-stress model to illustrate how the environment and genetics are influenced as well, taking rhesus monkeys as an example. Rhesus macaques and humans have essentially the same gene 5-HTT as well as functional polymorphism. The allelic variation in the region promoting the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) was associated with significant differences in the number of depressive symptoms and contributions to social reward and punishment. Growing up without the mother and the rearing environment are important risk factors for developing abnormal behaviors. The main idea is that monkeys who carry short 5-HTT allele and are reared with their peers (without their mother) suffer from neurobiological developmental delay, deteriorated serotonergic functioning and act more aggressively. Monkeys who carry short 5-HIAA allele and are reared with their mothers, though, show normal behavioral patterns. We could conclude that carrying the short allele of gene 5-HTT leads to a psychopathological tendency in macaques with a poor parenting history, but it may be adaptive for those who establish an attached relationship with their mothers. Stressful early experiences result in impaired 5-HTT expression as well. There are both specific genetic and environmental factors which pose a risk in the development of adverse responses to stress and environment. Rhesus macaques, as well as humans, show big individual differences in their responses to environmental stress. Some are very fearful and anxious, others are aggressive and impulsive. It is possible to identify genetic and environmental patterns that contribute to these differences, but recent evidence suggests that the interaction between genes and environment is of equal importance.

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The Development of Head Banging in a Young Rhesus Monkey

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Stereotypic and self‐injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: A survey and retrospective analysis of environment and early experience

Stereotypic and self‐injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: A survey and retrospective analysis of environment and early experience

Self-aggression in macaques: Five case studies

Reviewing Self-Injuries Behavior in Macaques: The Role of Early Experience and Genetics in an Integrated Non-Human Model

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