The development of historic field systems in northern England: a case study at Wallington, Northumberland

Abstract

Wallington in central Northumberland is a late seventeenth-and early eighteenth-century country house with associated pleasure grounds. Much of the surrounding estate is agricultural land, though there are also expanses of moorland and conifer plantation. The character of Wallington's landscape, now divided into fifteen separate farm holdings, was to a large extent shaped by estate management practices and improvements in the eighteenthnineteenth centuries. Today's settlement pattern is made up largely of dispersed farmsteads, with field systems which reflect the orderly rectilinear layout of planned enclosure, being separated mainly by long and fairly straight stonefaced banks. In medieval and early modern times, by contrast, the landscape is thought to have been quite different, with nucleated villages set amidst irregular open fields which were farmed collectively.The process of long-term landscape change from open to enclosed field systems has been inferred across the whole of Northumberland but it can be difficult to understand in detail. Absolute dating evidence for field systems before the eighteenth century is generally lacking and the origins and development of historic earthworks including boundary banks and the remains of arable farming are poorly understood.This paper presents results of research which used retrogressive landscape analysis (based on documentary evidence, archaeological data, aerial photographs, and historic cartography) to identify five areas for detailed geoarchaeological investigation and sampling with optically stimulated luminescence profiling and dating (OSL-PD). The results provide new perspectives on the development of landscape character at Wallington which have wider relevance for north-east England and beyond.

‘Another wall of turf’

“…In-depth understanding of their methods of construction could cast further light on their important role in social, economic and political negotiations over access to land and management of resources through time (eg Holst 2013; Kupiec & Milek 2015). More broadly, our combination of micromorpho logy with macroscopic field recording of building processes informed by geotechnical analysis resonates with other interdisciplinary projects on linear earthen boundaries (eg Arnoldussen & van der Linden 2017;Arnoldussen 2018;Vervust et al 2020a;, adding a Roman period case study and its construction context to wider research portfolios into past agricultural environments and practices. We hope that our work has shown the potential that such a combined approach with micromorpho logy at its core can offer, to pro vide…”

Early to Middle Bronze Age agricultural terraces in north-east England: morphology, dating and cultural implications

“…Jobey & Tait 1966;Topping 1989). Well-dated prehistoric field systems include the Dartmoor Reaves (Fleming 2008) and Wallington, Northumberland (Vervust et al 2020), though many more are poorly dated (Historic England 2018; for an exception, see Ford et al 1990). Many terrace systems on slopes are recorded as 'lynchets', a term encompassing forms from all periods, including strip lynchets (i.e.…”

“…Jobey & Tait 1966; Topping 1989). Well-dated prehistoric field systems include the Dartmoor Reaves (Fleming 2008) and Wallington, Northumberland (Vervust et al 2020), though many more are poorly dated (Historic England 2018; for an exception, see Ford et al . 1990).…”

The medieval croft plužina field system in a mountain region of central Europe: The interdisciplinary record of the earthen field boundaries in Debrné, Czechia

“…Research on historical field systems is developing rapidly (Brown et al, 2020(Brown et al, , 2021(Brown et al, , 2023Kinnaird et al, 2021;Turner et al, 2021;Vervust et al, 2020). The genesis of different types of landscapes in Europe (Lebeau, 1996;Poschlod, 2015), as well as the historical and ecological factors of parcel boundaries (Kinnaird et al, 2021;Turner et al, 2021) as the main features of field systems in mountainous and foothill landscapes are at the forefront of interest (Fanta et al, 2022;Keller et al, 2023;Silva-Pérez & González-Romero, 2022;Vervust et al, 2020).…”

“…Research on historical field systems is developing rapidly (Brown et al, 2020(Brown et al, , 2021(Brown et al, , 2023Kinnaird et al, 2021;Turner et al, 2021;Vervust et al, 2020). The genesis of different types of landscapes in Europe (Lebeau, 1996;Poschlod, 2015), as well as the historical and ecological factors of parcel boundaries (Kinnaird et al, 2021;Turner et al, 2021) as the main features of field systems in mountainous and foothill landscapes are at the forefront of interest (Fanta et al, 2022;Keller et al, 2023;Silva-Pérez & González-Romero, 2022;Vervust et al, 2020). In the field of research on agricultural settlements in central Europe, the study of the typology and chronology of earthen field-boundary structures (a variation to agricultural terraces) as a key component of the historical landscape has developed (Beneš et al, 2022;Čapek & Holata, 2017;Fanta et al, 2020Fanta et al, , 2022Houfková et al, 2015;Poledník Mohammadi et al, 2023;Shetti et al, 2022;Šitnerová et al, 2020;Škabrada, 2022).…”