The development of low toxic and high efficient solar cells

Abstract

Since the perovskite battery was put forward in 2009 for the first time, it is widely believed that it may bring huge influence on the reform of the next generation of solar cells. However, the lead element that are widely used in perovskite battery has strong toxicity which determines that it cannot be widely used in industrial production. Therefore, scientific researchers are trying to replace the lead element with some nontoxic elements or the elements with low toxicity like tin, germanium, bismuth and antimony and so on. Although the photoelectric conversion efficiency of these lead-free perovskite is greatly lower than that of lead-base perovskite, researchers already pay great attention on lead free materials and they have achieved remarkable results. The paper mainly introduces the research situation and development prospect of lead-free perovskite material and related devices.

Recent Development of Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Sn-based PSCs (Sn-PSCs) have thus far shown the greatest prospects though there are fewer reports on Sn-PSCs compared with those on Pb-PSCs, the PCE and stability of Sn-based PSCs have been enhanced quickly. For example, Sn-based perovskites such as cesium tin iodide (CsSnI 3 ), formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI 3 ), and methylammonium tin iodide (MASnI 3 ), have direct band gaps of approximately 1.3 eV, 1.41, and 1.20 eV, respectively, which are narrower than Pb-based perovskites [31,54].…”

“…X is a halide; M and M 0 stand for monovalent and trivalent metals, respectively [24,25]. [26][27][28][29][30][31]. materials, (4) dimensions of Pb-free materials, (5) limitations of Pb-lead materials, and (6) future prospective have also been discussed.…”