The development of root systems analysed by growth rings

Reynolds, E. R. C.

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-6833-2_17

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The root rings were counted using a dissecting microscope. The roots were also examined for the presence of false and/or discontinuous root rings since they have been found in some tree roots (1,8,13).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Population Age Structure of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) in Montana

Boggs¹,

Story²

1987

Weed sci.

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Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam. # CENMA) communities were sampled to determine the relationship between age and the number of root rings, and the population age structure. Spotted knapweed taproots add one ring of secondary xylem annually. In 1984, populations were expanding with high densities of individuals in the early age classes, followed by a steady decline in the older classes. In 1985, the majority of the individuals in knapweed populations were in the older age classes. This change in the population age structure was attributed to high mortality among the young age classes due to a drought in 1985. The maximum age class at the sites ranged from 5 to 9 yr. The percentage of plants with floral stalks increased with age to a peak of 75% in the fifth year in 1984 and in the seventh year in 1985.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Population Age Structure of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) in Montana

Boggs¹,

Story²

1987

Weed sci.

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“…For example, Douglas-fir planted in the Netherlands grew at a mean extension rate of 18 cm year -1 (Kuiper and Coutts 1992). Extension rates of up to 63 cm year -1 were measured in young plantation-grown Douglas-fir in England (Reynolds 1983). However, both of these studies were probably conducted in more mesic environments than the xeric environment at the Pothole Creek site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Drexhage and Gruber (1998) estimated a growth rate of 11.5 cm year -1 for lateral roots of Picea abies (L.) Karst., although bends and curvature were not taken into account when measuring root length. Of the seven conifers studied by Reynolds (1983), hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of the youngest disks could not be aged. In contrast, Reynolds (1983) suggested that, in some species, root ring analysis might only be suitable for the youngest roots. Incomplete and irregular rings were observed; however, certain wide or narrow 'indicator years' of radial growth matched up well between sections from different roots, indicating that there were few, if any, missing rings.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, Fayle (1975b) noted that false rings were common in the first 15 years of root growth, but were generally absent beyond 1 m from the stem. Reynolds (1983) found both false and incomplete rings in root cross sections and concluded that growth irregularities, in conjunction with tapering radial growth and small radial growth in young roots, make accurate ring counts difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coarse root elongation rate estimates for interior Douglas-fir

Richardson¹

2000

Tree Physiology

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Accurate estimates of root growth rates are important for root system modeling, and the spread of root systems may be an important determinant of belowground site occupancy. Estimating root system growth rates is complicated because missing, discontinuous, and false annual growth rings make root cross sections difficult to age. These irregularities can occur even in roots of dominant conifers with rare or absent stem growth ring abnormalities. Incomplete rings were noted in the root growth rings of nine co-dominant interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) trees. Coarse root (> 1.0-cm diameter) elongation rates were estimated by fitting a geometric mean regression line to ring count and lateral distance data. In all nine roots examined, the geometric mean regression slope was well within the range of the 95% confidence interval for the ordinary least squares regression of lateral distance versus age, suggesting that measurement error may have been negligible. Coarse root elongation rates (which ranged from 2.8 to 15.3 cm year(-1) and averaged 7.4 cm year(-1)) in the interior Douglas-fir trees studied were much lower than those reported by others. This discrepancy may be a result of limited soil water availability, soil heterogeneity (both soil water content and soil texture were highly variable across short distances) and fragmentation of belowground growing space.

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Development of the root crown in some conifers

Reynolds

1987

Plant Soil

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SummaryLarge and small stumps of 3 spruce species, a pine, a fir and hemlock were pulled up from 15 year plantations. Roots originating from the root crown were counted (< 0.5 cm) or, if larger, their diameters were measured, taper, eccentricity, compass bearing, inclination, position on the rootstock and basal age (by annual rings). The sequence of events leading to the developed skeletal root system was reconstructed. Hypotheses to account for the distinct populations of roots were examined. In all species, major roots originated between 2 and 7 yrs after planting and grew thicker and more eccentric at their bases than minor roots of the same age. Positively geotropic roots were distinct from plagiogeotropic roots.

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The development of root systems analysed by growth rings

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

The Population Age Structure of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) in Montana

The Population Age Structure of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) in Montana

Coarse root elongation rate estimates for interior Douglas-fir

Development of the root crown in some conifers

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