The Development of State Regulation in Normal Children: An Indirect Comparison With Children With ADHD

Differential patterns of striatal activation in young children with and without ADHD

“…Our current sample is between 6 and 10 years of age, one of the younger age groups tested with fMRI to date. Clearly, cognitive control continues to develop over this age range (Carver et al 2001;Casey et al 1997bCasey et al , 2001Diamond 1990;Diamond et al 1994;Diamond and Taylor 1996;Enns and Akhtar 1989;Enns and Cameron 1987;Enns et al 1998;Gerstadt et al 1994;Luria 1961;Passler et al 1985;Tipper et al 1989;Van der Meere and Stemerdink 1999), so the divergence in developmental trajectories between groups may just be beginning in our current sample. This may explain the lack of differences in overall accuracy for the children who participated in the imaging study.…”

Equating tasks and sustaining attention in children and adults: The methodological and theoretical utility ofd’ matching

“…Such an approach falls in line with experts in both the adult literature (e.g., Matthews & Davies, 1998a) and the clinical child literature (cf. van der Meere et al, 1992). Furthermore, the findings highlight developmental differences in arousal and the modulation of attention.…”

“…Whereas this reverse event rate effect has been reported for children (cf. Chee et al, 1989;Laurie-Rose et al, 2001;van der Meere et al, 1995), the finding with adults counters one of the most robust effects reported in the adult vigilance literature-that fast event rate produces a decline in performance. To date, a study of adult vigilance by Posner and Ogden (Posner, 1986) remains, as Warm and Jerison (1984) describe, "the sole experimental demonstration that a fast event rate can facilitate performance in a vigilance task in any way" (p. 28).…”

“…LaurieRose, Bennett-Murphy, Schickedantz, and Tucci (2001), for example, found that young children performed better at faster than at slower event rates. Other reports for children show that performance suffers under slower event rate conditions (Chee, Logan, Schachar, Lindsay, & Wachsmuth, 1989;van der Meere, Shalev, Borger, & Gross-Tsur, 1995), whereas optimal performance occurs at relatively fast event rates (Chee et al, 1989). Such studies suggest that a child's performance differs from that of an adult in response to event rate.…”

Association and linkage of α-2A adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms with childhood ADHD

“…NE thus supports a key vigilance system in the brain. 13 The importance of NE to vigilance, alertness, and state regulation suggests its involvement in ADHD, because difficulty with arousal and activation are core features of several theories of ADHD [14][15][16] and are noted as needing explanation in other theories. 17 As a result, dysfunction of the ascending NE system has often been theorized to mediate ADHD.…”