The Development of the Innovative Synthesis Methodology of Albumin Nanoparticles Supported by Their Physicochemical, Cytotoxic and Hemolytic Evaluation

Abstract

Many studies are being performed to develop effective carriers for controlled cytostatic delivery wherein albumin is a promising material due to its tendency to accumulate near cancer cells. The novelty of this work involves the development of the synthesis methodology of albumin nanoparticles and their biological and physicochemical evaluation. Albumin particles were obtained via the salt-induced precipitation and K3PO4 was used as a salting-out agent. Various concentrations of protein and salting-out agent solutions were mixed using a burette or a syringe system. It was proved that the size of the particles depended on the concentrations of the reagents and the methodology applied. As a result of a process performed using a burette and 2 M K3PO4, albumin spheres having a size 5–25 nm were obtained. The size of nanospheres and their spherical shape was confirmed via TEM analysis. The use of a syringe system led to preparation of particles of large polydispersity. The highest albumin concentration allowing for synthesis of homogeneous particles was 2 g/L. The presence of albumin in spheres was confirmed via the FT-IR technique and UV-Vis spectroscopy. All samples showed no cytotoxicity towards normal human dermal fibroblasts and no hemolytic properties against human erythrocytes (the hemolysis did not exceed 2.5%).

Physicochemical Characteristics of Chitosan-Based Hydrogels Containing Albumin Particles and Aloe vera Juice as Transdermal Systems Functionalized in the Viewpoint of Potential Biomedical Applications

“…As a result, albumin spheres with various sizes depending on the concentration were formed. The use of albumin with a higher concentration may lead to the preparation of larger sized albumin spheres, while in the case of the use of this protein with a lower concentration, smaller spheres were obtained, even having nanometric sizes that were confirmed in our previous publication [ 28 ]. This is why these small albumin particles (e.g., nanometric ones) are difficult to observe on the surface of the modified hydrogels in contrast to the larger particles clearly visible in the SEM images.…”

“…The precipitated albumin nanoparticles were subsequently centrifuged at room temperature for 15 min (80 rpm) and suspended in a PBS solution. The synthesis methodology of albumin spheres as well as their purification were accurately described in [ 28 ]. The hydrogel polymers containing albumin nanoparticles were prepared in the same manner as the unmodified hydrogels, i.e., as was described in the previous paragraph.…”

Therapeutic Potential of Albumin Nanoparticles Encapsulated Visnagin in MDA-MB-468 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

“…Furthermore, a vibration-induced absorption band for C-N stretching is found at 1549 cm −1 . The functional groups creating the peptide link between albumin amino acids have both amide I and amide II bonds [ 19 ]. The peaks at 2924 and 2846 cm −1 contribute to asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching.…”

Development of Chitosan/Gelatin-Based Hydrogels Incorporated with Albumin Particles

“…Other methods are e.g., the thermal gelling or nanospray (due to the necessity of the use of high temperature condition they may lead to the denaturation, and thus the inactivation of albumin) as well as nanoparticle albumin bound (NAB) technology which in turn requires the use of toxic organic solvents such as chloroform or dichloromethane [26]. Due to the mentioned disadvantages of commonly used methods of obtaining albumin particles, in this work a newly developed method was applied which was described in detail in the previous work [27]. The developed method is innovative-it is simple and quick and, importantly, there is no need to use organic compounds showing toxic activity.…”