The development of the male genitourinary system: III. The formation of the spongiose and glandar urethra

Hynes, Patrick; Fraher, John

doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2003.08.017

Cited by 58 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…21 By contrast, in mice the urethral plate appears to canalize directly to form most of the penile urethra. [32][33][34] nonetheless, a subtle ventral penile raphe is evident in the adult mouse penis (Figure 4a). raphes are adult manifestations of fetal fusion events; however, the exact origin and importance of the mouse ventral penile raphe has yet to be explained.…”

Section: 31mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prenatally, the penile urethra develops within the genital tubercle, presumably via canalization of the urethral plate to form most of the penile urethra. [32][33][34] Postnatally, the urethral meatus forms via fusion of elements that constitute the urethral meatus. 35,36 this fusion process is inferred from raphes, midline clefts and processes that define the adult mouse urethral meatus (Figures 4a and 5a-c).…”

Section: 31mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Postnatal formation of the mouse urethral meatus appears to involve multiple epithelial fusion events and, therefore, differs substantially from prenatal urethral development within the shaft of the glans. [32][33][34] in adulthood the mouse urethral meatus is located distally, where the MuMP joins the MuMP ridge ( Figures 3 and 7a, b). thus, the mouse urethral meatus forms post natally via fusion of the MuMP with the MuMP ridge (Figures 5a, b).…”

Section: 31mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current understanding of hypospadias: relevance of animal models

et al. 2015

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| Hypospadias is a congenital abnormality of the penile urethra with an incidence of approximately 1:200-1:300 male births, which has doubled over the past three decades. The aetiology of the overwhelming majority of hypospadias remains unknown but appears to be a combination of genetic susceptibility and prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors. Reliable animal models of hypospadias are required for better understanding of the mechanisms of normal penile urethral formation and hence hypospadias. Mice and/ or rats are generally used for experimental modelling of hypospadias, however these do not fully reflect the human condition. To use these models successfully, researchers must understand the similarities and differences between mouse, rat and human penile anatomy as well as the normal morphogenetic mechanisms of penile development in these species. Despite some important differences, numerous features of animal and human hypospadias are shared: the prevalence of distal penile malformations; disruption of the urethral meatus; disruption of urethra-associated erectile bodies; and a common mechanism of impaired epithelial fusion events. Rat and mouse models of hypospadias are crucial to our understanding of hypospadias to ultimately reduce its incidence through better preventive strategies.

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Section: 31mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 31mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 31mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current understanding of hypospadias: relevance of animal models

et al. 2015

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“…17 Incomplete fusion of the embryonic urethral folds and failure of canalization of the glandular urethra have been believed for a long time to be the only explanation for the occurrence of hypospadias in man. [18][19][20] Recently, this urethral anomaly has been attributed to defective development of a complex of fascial and vascular tissues proximal to the urethral orifice. This tissuecomplex normally proliferates to form the ventrum of the penile shaft and to push the urethral orifice distally.…”

Section: Pathoembryology Of Hypospadias and Chordeementioning

confidence: 99%

Pathoembryology of Hypospadias and Chordee

Haroun¹

2018

MOJAP

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Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in childhood. It refers to displacement of the external urethral meatus toward the undersurface of penis, the scrotum or the perineum. Congenital abnormal curvature of the penis is termed as "chordee" and it may be dorsal or ventral and of varying degree. Genetic as well as environmental antiandrogenic and estrogenic factors are blamed for the etiology of congenital penile malformations. Morphological patterns of prepuce and of dartos tissue are described. In some instances, preoperative treatment with testosterone is indicated. Different surgeries are mentioned for the repair of hypospadias, penile torsion and chordee.

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“…The distal part of the glanular urethra, develops by one of the following mechanisms (Gunha GR & Baskin LS., 2004). The classic theory states that the distal portion of the urethra develops as an in growth from the tip of the penis until it joins the proximal tubular urethra (Moore KL et al, 2003;Kurzrock EA et al 1999) Recent evidence, however, suggests that the entire urethra from base to tip, is formed by continuous extension and fusion of the endodermal urethral groove (Hynes PJ & Fraher JP, 2004;Belman AB., 2002). The penile urethra forms as a result of the medial edges of the endodermal urethral folds fusing to form the median raphe (Baskin LS., 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%